http://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=DigitalSoju&feedformat=atomKorean Wiki Project - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T14:56:22ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.4http://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T22:49:19Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* Examples */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br><br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Similarly, 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ. See [[ㄹ + ㄴ]] for more examples.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
*훈련 → "훌련"<br />
*전락도 → "절라도"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
*원람 → "월람"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* 신라면 doesn't follow this rule, it's pronounced as "신" "라면", where ㄴ stays as an /n/ sound.<br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄹ + ㄴ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B9_%2B_%E3%84%B4ㄹ + ㄴ2023-07-21T22:49:17Z<p>DigitalSoju: Created page with "'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' * 'ㄹ' 받침 + 'ㄴ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ <br> If the 받침 is a ㄹ and it is followed by ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ s..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
* 'ㄹ' [[받침]] + 'ㄴ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br><br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and it is followed by ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "열 났다"(get a fever) gets pronounced as "열랐다."<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Similarly, 'ㄹ' [[받침]] + 'ㄴ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ. See [[ㄴ + ㄹ]] for more examples<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
* 실내 → "실래"<br />
* 설날 → "설랄"<br />
* 별나라 → "별라라"<br />
* 잘나다 → "잘라다"<br />
*물놀이 → "물로리"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄴ + ㄹ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T22:36:42Z<p>DigitalSoju: Added a period</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br><br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Similarly, 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ. See [[ㄹ + ㄴ]] for more examples.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
*전락도 → "절라도"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* 신라면 doesn't follow this rule, it's pronounced as "신" "라면", where ㄴ stays as an /n/ sound.<br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄹ + ㄴ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T22:36:12Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* Examples */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br><br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Similarly, 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ. See [[ㄹ + ㄴ]] for more examples<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
*전락도 → "절라도"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* 신라면 doesn't follow this rule, it's pronounced as "신" "라면", where ㄴ stays as an /n/ sound.<br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄹ + ㄴ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T22:30:35Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br><br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Similarly, 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ. See [[ㄹ + ㄴ]] for more examples<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
<br />
==Examples==<br />
*전락도 → "절라도"<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* 신라면 doesn't follow this rule, it's pronounced as "신" "라면", where ㄴ stays as an /n/ sound.<br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄹ + ㄴ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T22:13:08Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*Case 1: 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
*Case 2: 'ㄹ' [[받침]] + 'ㄴ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br />
<br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
==Other Examples==<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[ㄹ + ㄴ]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%E3%84%B4_%2B_%E3%84%B9ㄴ + ㄹ2023-07-21T15:15:35Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* Exceptions */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Pronunciation 'Rule:''' <br />
*Case 1: 'ㄴ' [[받침]] + 'ㄹ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
*Case 2: 'ㄹ' [[받침]] + 'ㄴ' → ㄴ gets pronounced as ㄹ<br />
<br />
<br />
If the [[받침]] is a ㄴ and it is followed byㄹ or if the [[받침]] is a ㄹ and followed by a ㄴ, the ㄴ sound becomes a ㄹ sound. This rule also applies even if ㄹ or ㄴ appear in another word, for example "일 년"(one year) gets pronounced as "일련."<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nr_consnt_assim.jpg|center|Some examples]]<br />
==Other Examples==<br />
*곤란 → "골란"<br />
*연락 → "열락"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*문래 → "물래"<br />
*신라 → "실라"<br />
*신랑 → "실랑"<br />
*한라산 → "할라산"<br />
*인류 → "일류"<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
* The subway station "선릉역" (named after the Joseon Dynasty royal tomb nearby "선릉") frequently gets pronounced as "Seonleung," so the ㄴ gets pronounced as normal and the ㄹ pronounced as /l/. <br />
* Foreign names written in Hangeul also tend to ignore this rule, for example the name Henry would get transliterated as 헨리 and pronounced similarly to that of it's original English pronunciation rather than 헬리. <br />
* Konglish words such as 원룸(one room) also get pronounced similarly to it's original pronunciation.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consonant assimilation]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%95%84/%EC%96%B4_%EB%B2%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%A4아/어 버리다2023-06-20T20:22:26Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''A/V + 아/어 버리다''' : Indicates that an action has been done completely or already finished. As a result, nothing is left, a burden has been lifted, or there is a sense of regret left.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1= <br />
|Examples1= <br />
|Pattern2= <br />
|Examples2= <br />
}}<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =오늘 지하철에서 지갑을 잃어 버렸어요.<br />
|Engex1 =I lost my wallet on the subway today.<br />
|Comment1 =Polite informal form <br />
|Korex2 =돈을 다 써 버렸어.<br />
|Engex2 =I spent all money.<br />
|Comment2 =Low form <br />
|Korex3 =이 서류는 불에 태워 버릴게요.<br />
|Engex3 =I'm going to burn up this document.<br />
|Comment3 =Polite informal form <br />
|Korex4 =철수는 미국에 가 버렸어.<br />
|Engex4 =Chul-su took off to America.<br />
|Comment4 =Low form <br />
|Korex5 =개가 과자를 다 먹어 버렸어요.<br />
|Engex5 =My dog ate all of the cookies.<br />
|Comment5 =Polite informal form <br />
|Korex6 =약속을 잊어 버렸어.<br />
|Engex6 =I forgot my appointment.<br />
|Comment6 =Low form<br />
|Korex7 =어항 속의 고기가 다 죽어 버렸어요.<br />
|Engex7 =All the fish in the fish bowl died on me.<br />
|Comment7 =Polite informal form <br />
|Korex8 =그 사람과 이제 헤어져 버렸어.<br />
|Engex8 =I've broken up with him now.<br />
|Comment8 =Low form <br />
|Korex9 =어제 숙제를 다 끝내 버렸어요.<br />
|Engex9 =I finished all of my homework yesterday.<br />
|Comment9 =Polite informal form <br />
|Korex10 = 그 멋진 사람이 다른 곳으로 이사가 버렸어.<br />
|Engex10 =That good looking guy moved away.<br />
|Comment10 = Low form <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
*Example<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:SNU level 2 grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:아/어/여 form|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:30:21Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*법 is conjugated with [[이다]]<br />
*For the meaning ''to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected'', there are some usage restrictions:<br />
** You can't use this for specific subjects, it needs to be something general.<br />
***우리 엄마는 (X) - your mom specifically<br />
***엄마들은 (O) - moms in general<br />
**For the negative form, use -[[지 않다]]<br />
***하지 않은 법이다<br />
**You cannot use this for questions, imperatives (e.g. commands), or propositive sentences<br />
***하는 법입니까? (X) - question<br />
***하는 법입시다 (X) - propositive<br />
***하는 법이십시오 (X) - imperative<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. For example, it can be used when someone or something gets tougher after going through a tough time or hard work<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:28:51Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*법 is conjugated with [[이다]]<br />
*For the meaning ''to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected'', there are some usage restrictions:<br />
** You can't use this for specific subjects, it needs to be something general.<br />
***우리 엄마는 (X) - your mom specifically<br />
***엄마들은 (O) - moms in general<br />
**For the negative form, use -[지 않다]<br />
***하지 않은 법이다<br />
**You cannot use this for questions, imperatives (e.g. commands), or propositive sentences<br />
***하는 법입니까? (X) - question<br />
***하는 법입시다 (X) - propositive<br />
***하는 법이십시오 (X) - imperative<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. For example, it can be used when someone or something gets tougher after going through a tough time or hard work<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:17:59Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* Notes */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*법 is conjugated with [[이다]]<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. For example, it can be used when someone or something gets tougher after going through a tough time or hard work<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:17:20Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* An action or state is already established or expected */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. For example, it can be used when someone or something gets tougher after going through a tough time or hard work<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:14:06Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. It is similar in meaning to the storm comes before the calm<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:13:46Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* See Also */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. It is similar in meaning to the storm comes before the calm<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use Advanced - pg 268</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:12:53Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* "How to" meaning */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. It is similar in meaning to the storm comes before the calm<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =I don't know how to get to your house. Tell me how to get there<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:11:46Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. It is similar in meaning to the storm comes before the calm<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8A%94_%EB%B2%95는 법2023-06-10T23:10:15Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''Verb + 는 법''': <br />
# This pattern means "how to (verb)."<br />
# Used to indicate that some action or state is already established or expected. It is often used when stating natural laws, universal truths, or general principles. It is also often used in Korean proverbs<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1=Adjective/Verb + 는 법이다 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1=하는 법이다 <br> <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
뜨르는 법이다<br />
|Pattern2=Adjective/Verb + 은 법이다 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
어려운 법이다 <br><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
<br />
===An action or state is already established or expected===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 비 온 뒤에 땅이 굳어지는 법이다<br />
|Engex1 = The ground hardens after rain<br />
|Comment1 = It basically means, it's only natural that the ground hardens after rain. It is similar in meaning to the storm comes before the calm<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==="How to" meaning ===<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =이 수학문제를 푸는 법좀 알려줘.<br />
|Engex1 =Please teach how to solve this math question.<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =너네집에 가는 방법을 몰라. 너네집에 가는 법을 알려줘.<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =난 불고기를 만드는 법을 배우고 싶어.<br />
|Engex3 =I want to learn how to cook bulgogi.<br />
|Comment3 = <br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = [[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Special pronunciation rule?<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄴ]]<br />
[[Category:Verb grammar pattern|ㄴ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Talk:Passive_formsTalk:Passive forms2023-06-10T22:08:44Z<p>DigitalSoju: DigitalSoju moved page Talk:Passive form to Talk:Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean</p>
<hr />
<div>졸다 → 졸리다. 졸리다 = passive?<br />
* No, it is safe to say they are two different words with different meanings. The former is a verb, the latter is an adjective. 졸다 = doze, 졸리다 = sleepy.<br />
<br />
Some translations provided here seem a bit inappropriate. e.g. 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 -> I put dishes on the table. However, as you guys may already know, there is no word with the meaning of "I" in the original sentence, and this is also the case for many of the other sentences here. In order to avoid confusion, we can consider adding 나는 in front of the sentences, but 나는 is very often omitted in the Korean language. Maybe we should add some kind of footnotes?<br />
<br />
<br />
== Article cleanup ==<br />
While this article has a ton of useful information, I think it needs a cleanup and major overhaul. I think we need to simplify it and remove stuff related to causative forms as those should be in a separate article<br />
--[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2023 (CEST)</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formPassive form2023-06-10T22:08:44Z<p>DigitalSoju: DigitalSoju moved page Passive form to Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Passive forms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Talk:Passive_formTalk:Passive form2023-06-10T22:08:44Z<p>DigitalSoju: DigitalSoju moved page Talk:Passive form to Talk:Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Talk:Passive forms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formsPassive forms2023-06-10T22:08:43Z<p>DigitalSoju: DigitalSoju moved page Passive form to Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean</p>
<hr />
<div> If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs, <br />
look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and click on ''meanings'' (뜻풀이) or just [https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?range=meaning&query=%ED%94%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC click here].<br />
There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전). <br />
<br />
The passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Passive voice emphasizes the process rather than who is performing the action. In Korean this form is called 피동. There are few patterns to help distinguish between active and passive voices in Korean verbs. This makes this more difficult to learn than a regular Korean grammar rule.<br />
<br />
Passive verbs still work as action verbs but now the object (that usually takes 을 or 를) has become the subject of the sentence (takes the particles: 이 or 가).<br />
*길'''을''' 막아요. [Traffic] blocks the road.<br />
*길'''이''' 막혀요. The road is blocked [by traffic]. (막히다 is much more common in this scenario)<br />
<br />
Many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean. (Only using the passive form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*It looks fine. ☞ 괜찮아 '''보여요'''. [It] '''is seen''' to be fine.<br />
*It sounds like English. ☞ 영어처럼 '''들려요'''. [It] '''is heard''' like English.<br />
*I can't see the blackboard well. ☞ 칠판이 잘 안 '''보여요'''. The blackboard '''is''' not '''seen''' well (by me).<br />
*Can you hear my voice? ☞ 내 목소리 '''들리냐'''? '''Is''' my voice '''heard''' (by you)?<br />
*The game has begun. ☞ 게임이 '''시작되었다'''. The game has '''been begun'''. (A game can't begin something because it has no ability to decide. There must be a human who had decided to begin the game. The "game" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This book is selling very well. ☞ 이 책은 아주 잘 '''팔리고 있다'''. This book '''is being sold''' very well. (A book can't sell something because it's not a human. The "book" is passive, not active.)<br />
*The door is opening. ☞ 문이 '''열리고 있다'''. The door '''is being opened'''. (A door can't open something because it has no ability to decide. If a door is opening, there must be something else affecting the door such as wind, dogs, installed automatic mechanisms, etc. Even if it's a haunted door, it should be opened by a ghost inside it, not by the door itself. The "door" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This door locks automatically. ☞ 이 문은 자동으로 '''잠긴다'''. As for this door, (it) '''is locked''' automatically. (This door '''becomes locked''' automatically.)<br />
*This fruit peels easily. ☞ 이 과일은 껍질이 잘 '''벗겨진다'''. As for this fruit, the skin '''is peeled off''' easily.<br />
*This hospital is filling up. ☞ 이 병원이 '''채워지고 있다'''. This hospital '''is being filled up'''. (with new patients)<br />
*This battery is charging. ☞ 이 배터리가 '''충전되고 있다'''. This battery '''is being charged'''. (by me, or by the battery charger)<br />
*My body is shaking. ☞ 내 몸이 '''떨린다'''. My body '''is''' (being) '''shaken'''. (by my nervous system) (= My nervous system is shaking my body.)<br />
*The law of gravity applies to all objects. ☞ 중력의 법칙은 모든 물체에 '''적용된다'''. The law of gravity '''is applied''' to all objects. (We apply the law = The law is applied by us)<br />
*It feels like I am your teacher. ☞ 내가 마치 네 선생님인 것처럼 '''느껴진다'''. [It] '''is felt''' like I am your teacher. ("It" is a dummy subject. A dummy subject can't feel something because it is not a living being. "It" must have been felt by someone. English speakers might be used to these expressions, but this kind of nonsense has no place in Korean. It feels, a book sells, a game begins, a door opens, a door closes, it looks, etc.)<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ In most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment nominative-accusative] languages, sentences like "The smoke feels acrid", "The soup is cooking now" don't make sense. (The correct sense is "The smoke is felt acridly = I feel the smoke acridly", "The soup is being cooked now = I am cooking the soup now") If "'''This book sells well'''" is correct, "'''This pizza eats well'''" should also be correct, because they have exactly the same structure. Do you really think they are equally correct? Some grammarians try to explain it as "middle voice", but English has no verb form for the middle voice, how can you tell it apart from the active voice? If I say "'''This chicken eats well'''", is the chicken dead or alive? Think about "'''This book sells well'''" again. Is the book dead or alive? <br><br />
:In many European languages, there are special rules when transitive verbs become intransitive. For example, in German, "'''This book sells well'''" doesn't make sense because there is no reflexive pronoun. In German, the sentence should be like "'''This book sells itself good'''". Without the reflexive pronoun "itself"("sich" in German), it sounds like the book is a living being that can sell something. That's the normal sense of nominative-accusative languages. In Russian, they conjugate the verb, the sentence should be like "'''This book well sellsся'''". (the suffix -ся indicates the verb is intransitive). In English, neither of those rules exists, it's just arbitrary. According to Wikipedia, English also is a nominative-accusative language, but it's an aberrant one because this kind of nonsense is considered acceptable. In other words, English often behaves like an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment ergative-absolutive] language. Korean is a typical nominative-accusative language, but English is a bizarre one randomly behaving like an ergative-absolutive language. Most English speakers have never heard of the terminology "ergative" and aren't even aware that they are arbitrarily switching objects into subjects, so you should be aware of it and learn the typical sense of a nominative-accusative language. This is a problem of the English language itself so you shouldn't blame Korean. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_verb ergative verb] for more information.<br />
<br />
:※ Korean also has a small number of ergative verbs. I will explain about these exceptions again.<br />
<br />
:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님 : I your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님이다 : I am your teacher. <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 : (NOUN) that I am your teacher ("-인" is the attributive form of "-이다" meaning "be, am, are, is". "-이다" and "-인" both are present tense.) <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것 : the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 : like the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 느껴진다 : (It) is felt like the thing that I am your teacher. (느껴진다 (is felt) is present tense) <br> <br />
::마치 means "as if". You can put 마치 anywhere in the sentence or just omit it. Word order is not that important in Korean in the first place. You can also declare a topic with 나는(난) anywhere in the sentence. English speakers usually place much value on word order and try to focus on word order of Korean, because English is an analytic language in which word order is very important for understanding the meaning. Korean is not an analytic language, so you should change your method of approach. You should focus on how various suffixes are attached at the end of each word to assign their grammatical roles in a sentence, rather than word order. If you are not familiar with word order in Korean, you can practise in any word order you want. You can refine it later when you are more experienced. Even if you change word order as you want, Koreans will have no problem understanding your Korean though it might sound a bit unusual or eccentric. I am demonstrating this to show word order is actually kind of irrelevant in Korean. Destroy your stereotype given by your native language, and don't be afraid of being different about word order. <br><br />
<br />
::나는 느껴진다 마치 내가 네 선생님인 것처럼. (Note: I feel it = It is felt by me) <br><br />
::나는(As for me) 느껴진다(it is felt) 마치(as if) 내가(I) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher am that) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
::The "-인" in "선생님인" is an attributive form as already explained, which means it has to be followed by a noun (in this case, 것). So, the word order "선생님인 것처럼" is typically fixed and can't be changed (unless you are making an inversion of word order for some kind of literary expression). They are kind of bound by the suffix "-인". <br><br />
<br />
::This is another possible translation. (Note: I feel myself(me) = I am felt by me)<br />
::나는(As for me) 내가(I) 느껴진다(am felt) 마치(as if) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher being) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
<br />
<br />
Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)<br />
*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.) <br />
*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.<br />
<br />
Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)<br />
*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.<br />
*I was told that you were my son. (If I have to translate "be told", it would be 말해지다 or 이야기되다 but these expressions are unnatural in Korean) ☞ 네가 내 아들이라고 들었다. ([I] heard that you were my son.)<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ Think about this sentence "He gave me a book." In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object (accusative case, -을/-를), and "me" is the indirect object (dative case, -에게). If you change word order (He gave a book me), it is wrong that's why English is an analytic language. Unlike English, Korean uses specific suffixes (-을/-를 vs. -에게) to distinguish between them, so word order doesn't matter. In English, both of them ("a book" and "me") can be the subject of the passive voice ('''a book''' was given to me , '''I''' was given a book), but in Korean, only the direct object "a book" can be the subject of the passive verb. In Korean, the indirect object is not even called "object", it's the dative case that is completely different. <br><br />
:"I was given" has two possible meanings, it's an ambiguous expression. It can be either "someone gave something to me" or "someone gave me to another person (I am like a human slave that can be gifted to others)". In Korean, "I was given (내가 주어졌다)" only means the second translation (I am a slave), because the subject "I" must be the direct object of the active verb "give". This kind of grammatical ambiguity doesn't exist in Korean, and it applies to all other Korean verbs. "I was told" only means "someone told about me (to another person)" so "I was told (a story)" doesn't make sense in Korean. It has to be "a story was told (to me)" in the passive voice (if I have to make a passive voice English sentence that can be literally translated into Korean).<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::네가 내 아들 : you my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다 : You are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다라고 : (VERB) that "You are my son" <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son (If "아들" doesn't have an ending consonant, -이라고 becomes -라고. For example, 친구 + (이)라고 → 친구라고)<br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣다 : to hear that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣는다 : Hear(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣겠다 : Would hear that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었다 : Heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었겠다 : Would have heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하다 : to say that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 한다 : Say(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 : (NOUN) that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기 : a story that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기를 들었다 : Heard a story that says that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라는 얘기를 들었다 (Contracted from the previous sentence, same meaning) <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 (The above sentence can be even further contracted, that is similar to the actual colloquial language. See the shrinking process "아들이라고 하는" → "아들이라는" → "아들이란", and "이야기를" → "얘기를" → "얘길". This kind of process happens all the time in Korean, and it is key to understanding the actual spoken language.) <br><br />
::If you want to clarify the subject who heard the story, declare a topic with 나는(난). <br><br />
::난 네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 : As for me, (I) heard a story that says that you are my son. (This final sentence looks simple, but it has quite a complex structure, especially in the "아들이란" part.)<br />
<br />
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This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it due to its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.<br />
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OK, let's begin with easy forms. When verbs add -어지다, they become passive. When verbs add -게 하다, they become causative.<br />
*만들다 : to make (something)<br />
*만들어지다 : to be made : (만들 + 어지다)<br />
*만들게 하다 : to make/let someone make (something) : (만들 + 게 하다)<br />
*느끼다 : to feel (something)<br />
*느껴지다 : to be felt : (느끼 + 어지다. Try to pronounce 느끼어지다 fast then you get 느껴지다)<br />
*느끼게 하다 : to make/let someone feel (something) : (느끼 + 게 하다)<br />
*잇다 : to connect (something)<br />
*이어지다 : to be connected : (이 + 어지다. This verb follows the [[ㅅ irregular verbs|ㅅ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*잇게 하다 : to make/let someone connect (something) : (잇 + 게 하다)<br />
:※ The "pronounce fast and get something" rule applies to all verbs except for the irregular [[으 irregular verbs|으 dropping verbs]]. You can see an irregular example of 잠그다 at the end of this page.<br />
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굽다 has two meanings and their conjugational forms are different.<br />
*굽다1 : to bend itself (intransitive verb) - ''or'' - to be bent/stooped (adjective)<br />
*굽어지다 : to (naturally) become bent/stooped : (This "naturally" means "not by someone intentionally")<br />
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:※ Intransitive verbs, such as 굽다1, 죽다, 숨다, 남다, ordinarily can't take the passive ending -어지다, so 굽어지다 is grammatically problematic. (It's the same in English. Intransitive verbs, such as ''remain'', ''happen'', ''die'', cannnot be passive.) To solve this issue, the Korea university Korean dictionary (고려대 한국어대사전) separates 굽다1 into two different words: 굽다1 as a verb (to bend itself) and 굽다1 as an adjective (to be bent/stooped). When 굽다1 is an adjective, 굽어지다 (to become bent/stooped) makes sense. Technically, "adjective + 어지다" is not the passive form but it is practically not distinguished from the "verb + 어지다" passive form. I will explain about adjectives again.<br />
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*굽게 하다1 (?) : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (-게 하다 is always causative. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 굽히다. It seems the Bible in Korean version uses this 굽게 하다 because it gives a unique unusual nuance.)<br />
*굽히다 : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (This -히 is causative)<br />
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative -히 + passive -어지다. Try to pronounce 굽히어지다 fast then you get 굽혀지다.)<br />
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*굽다2 : to bake (something)<br />
*굽히다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 굽다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.) <br />
*구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]]. Try to pronounce 구우어지다 fast then you get 구워지다.)<br />
*굽게 하다2 : to make/let someone bake (something) : (-게 하다 is always causative. Since 굽게 하다1 is hardly used, you can assume 굽게 하다 is this thing in most cases)<br />
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In the example above, -히 is a causative suffix, but it can be a passive suffix either in many other verbs.<br />
*먹다 : to eat<br />
*먹어지다 (?) : to be eaten : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 먹히다. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*먹히다 : to be eaten : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*먹혀지다 (X) : to be eaten : (passive -히 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*먹이다 (먹게 하다) : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (This -이 is causative)<br />
*먹여지다 : to be fed : (causative -이 + passive -어지다. This is correct but hardly used.)<br />
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:※ To be precise, the exact meaning of 먹어지다 and 먹히다 is slightly different. It's so subtle, very hard to explain in English. Let's say you are trying to eat a metal spoon now (it looks physically impossible to chew and swallow), then I would say 그게 먹어져요? (Can it be eaten?), but I wouldn't say 그게 먹혀요? (Is it eaten?). -어지다 can imply "(physically) possible" in some verbs.<br />
:※ In Korean, "I was fed (내가 먹여졌다)" means "I became food for an animal (and I was thrown into the mouth of the animal)", because the subject of the passive verb must be the direct object of the active verb. (I have already explained about it at the beginning of this page.) Hence, "내가 먹여졌다 (I was fed)" doesn't make sense and you'll never see it in Korean. If you have to use 먹여지다, the expression should be like "나에게(to me) 밥이(rice) 먹여졌다(was fed)". The subject has to be some sort of food. After all, Koreans rarely use the verb 먹여지다 in the first place.<br />
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For many verbs, the passive and the causative forms are morphologically identical.<br />
*보다 : to see<br />
*보아지다 (봐지다) (?) : to be seen : (-아지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 보이다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*보이다1 : to be seen : (This -이 is passive)<br />
*보여지다1 (X) : to be seen : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*보이다2 (보게 하다) : to make/let someone see , to show : (This -이 is causative. To avoid confusion, 보여주다 (보이다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases)<br />
*보여지다2 : to be shown : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 마침내 그 끔찍한 진실이 관객들에게 보여졌다: Finally, the horrendous truth was shown to the audience)<br />
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*듣다 : to hear : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*들어지다 (?) : to be heard : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 들리다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*들리다1 : to be heard : (This -리 is passive)<br />
*들려지다1 (X) : to be heard : (passive -리 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*들리다2 (듣게 하다) : to make/let someone hear, to tell(when talking) : (This -리 is causative. To avoid confusion, 들려주다 (들리다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases) : (e.g. 내 노래를 들려줄게 (듣게 해줄게): I'll let you hear my song)<br />
*들려지다2 : passive form of 들리다2 : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 너의 노래가 나에게 들려졌다: Your song was told(heard) to me)<br />
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:※ 들리다1 is simply "to be heard" whereas 들려지다2 is like someone is deliberately moving the source of the sound to your ears because he wants you to hear it. Likewise, 보이다1 is simply "to be seen" whereas 보여지다2(to be shown) is like someone is deliberately moving something in front of your eyes because he wants you to see it. If you can notice the difference between "진실이 보였다 (the truth was seen)" and "진실이 보여졌다 (the truth was shown)", you can also know the difference between "너의 노래가 들렸다 (your song was heard)" and "너의 노래가 들려졌다 (your song was VERB)". I think there is no adequate verb for 들려지다2 in English, so you should imagine it. The closest approximation is "your song was told to me (you caused me to hear it)".<br />
:※ In the Gyeongsang and Hamgyŏng dialects, 듣기다 is used instead of 들리다1. In these dialects, 듣기다(passive) and 들리다(causative) are different. Any dialect is the correct Korean language.<br />
:※ The passive ending -어지다 changed to -아지다 in 보아지다. If you don't know why it changes, see [[Vowel harmony]].<br />
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Many verbs have two possible passive forms but only one of them is preferred in most cases. (The less preferred one might even sound unnatural) For some verbs, however, the two passive forms are equally preferred, either one is fine.<br />
*믿다 : to believe<br />
*믿기다 : to be believed : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*믿어지다 : to be believed : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*믿겨지다 (X) : to be believed : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*믿게 하다 : to make/let someone believe something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*끊다 : to cut<br />
*끊기다 : to be cut : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*끊어지다 : to be cut : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*끊겨지다 (X) : to be cut : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*끊게 하다 : to make/let someone cut something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form)<br />
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:※ 끊다 has another passive-alike form 끊이다. This word is almost only used in negative forms "끊이지 않다 (never be cut/stopped, constantly continuous)" , "끊임(이) 없다 (there is no cutting/stopping, constantly continuous)".<br />
:※ If you are trying to cut a rope with your bare hands (it looks physically impossible), I would say 그게 끊어져요? (Can it be cut?) but I wouldn't say 그게 끊겨요? (Is it cut?). It's the same thing in 먹어지다 and 먹히다 mentioned above. There is a subtle difference between them.<br />
:※ To be precise, there are many more ways to express causative, like -게 만들다, -게끔 하다, -게끔 만들다, -도록 하다, -도록 만들다 (they may have different nuances), but the basic syntactic causative form is -게 하다.<br />
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There are some verbs that even most native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.<br />
*잊다 : to forget<br />
*잊히다 : to be forgotten : (passive -히)<br />
*잊어지다 : to be forgotten : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*잊혀지다 (X) : to be forgotten : (A double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong.)<br />
*잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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Not to be confused with the normal causative+passive forms. (They look like the double passive forms, but they are different.)<br />
*남다 : to remain : (intransitive)<br />
*남기다 (남게 하다) : to make/let something remain, to leave something : (causative -기. Not to be confused with 떠나다 meaning "to depart, to leave")<br />
*남겨지다 : to be left : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*숨다 : to hide : (intransitive)<br />
*숨기다 (숨게 하다) : to make/let something hide, to hide something : (causative -기)<br />
*숨겨지다 : to become hidden by someone : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
:※ 숨어라(숨다 + 어라) and 숨겨라(숨기다 + 어라) are both imperative sentences without an object but they have different meanings. 숨어라 means "Hide (yourself)", whereas 숨겨라 means "Hide it". Even if there is no object, 숨겨라 indicates there must be an object (but it's just omitted), whereas 숨어라 indicates there can't be an object because 숨다 is an intransitive verb. In English, these two verbs are not distinguished so you can't omit the object in "Hide it". In Korean, you don't have to say 그것을 숨겨라(Hide it). Just 숨겨라 is totally fine because we already know there must be an omitted object. If I say "Die!" you can know it means "Die (yourself)" because "die" is an intransitive verb and there can't be an object, but if I say "Kill!", you can know there must be an object but it's just omitted. It's the same thing.<br />
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*알다 : to know (something) : (this verb follows the [[ㄹ irregular verbs|ㄹ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*알리다 (알게 하다) : to make/let someone know (something), to inform, to notify : (causative -리)<br />
*알려지다 : to be informed, to become known : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 닐 암스트롱의 이름이 세상에 알려졌다: Neil Armstrong's name was informed (became known) throughout the world)<br />
:※ In English, "Neil Armstrong was informed" sounds like "something was informed (to Neil Armstrong)", so I used "Neil Armstrong's name" as the subject in order to eliminate the ambiguity. In Korean, "닐 암스트롱이 알려졌다 (Neil Armstrong was informed)" only means "someone informed (us) about Neil Armstrong". The subject "Neil Armstrong" must be the direct object of the active verb "inform".<br />
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:※ I translated "알려졌다" to "was informed (became known)" as the simple past tense. Then how to make it into the present perfect aspect "has been informed (has become known)" in Korean? In many cases, Korean doesn't particularly distinguish the present perfect from the simple past tense, but there are several ways to express it if you want to. The simplest way is using the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. <br><br />
:: 알려져 있다 : (it) currently exists in a state of informed <br><br />
:: 알려진 상태로 있다 : (when we want to emphasize the '''current state''') <br><br />
:: 알려진 채로 있다 : (this is known to be the closest approximation to the literal meaning of the present perfect in English. I don't recommend using this in actual Korean because it sounds a bit unnatural.) <br><br />
: From Korean's perspective, the simple past tense is just fine, because simple past is kind of present perfect as well. The past tense ending [[았/었_%2B_다|-었다/-았다]] is derived from [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] in the first place. For example, 죽었다(died) was originally 죽어 있다(have died). They were originally the same thing but in modern Korean, they are considered different. 죽었다 is technically "present tense + perfect aspect". That's why some Korean linguists still argue that Korean doesn't have a true past tense. If we compare 남았다(remained) with 남아 있다(remaining), the difference between them is so vague, they are almost the same meaning. This example clearly shows that -었다/-았다 is not a genuine past tense. "I am handsome" is "나는 잘생겼다" in Korean. In this sentence, 잘생겼다(잘생기었다) has a past tense ending -었다, it doesn't make any sense. But if you know 잘생겼다 is originally 잘생겨 있다 (exist in a state of being handsome), now it does make sense. It's actually a present tense, not the past tense.<br><br />
: In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, the past tense suffix -었/-았 didn't even exist. -더 was the original past tense suffix. -더 is the real past tense suffix. -더 is still used in -던, -던데, -더라, -더라도, -더니, -더라니, -더라고, etc. The present perfect -어/-아 있다 existed first and then the simple past -었다/-았다 branched out from it and replaced the original past tense -더. In modern Korean, -었다/-았다 is considered the simple past (in a loose sense), but it is still like the present perfect because of its origin.<br />
: '''Conclusion''': In a loose sense, -었다/-았다 is generally considered the simple past tense, but to be more precise, it's often more like the present perfect in English (present tense perfect aspect). In other words, -었다/-았다 has two possible meanings and it depends on the context, it's kind of ambiguous. If you want to clarify it, you should use 알려져 있다 (has become known: his name is still famous) or 알려졌었다 (≈ 알려져 있었다, had become known: his name was once famous but not anymore).<br />
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:※ Note that only '''intransitive verbs''' can be the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. For example, 먹다(to eat something) is a transitive verb (it can have a direct object), so 먹어 있다 and 먹어 있었다 are wrong. Only 먹었다 and 먹었었다 are correct. 남다 is an intransitive verb (it can't have a direct object), so 남아 있다 and 남아 있었다 are possible. 남기다 is a transitive verb (all causative verbs can have a direct object, so they are transitive) so 남겨 있다 and 남겨 있었다 are wrong. 남겨지다 is an intransitive verb (all passive verbs can't have a direct object, so they are intransitive) so 남겨져 있다 and 남겨져 있었다 are correct. (There are some exceptions. Some verbs, such as 찔리다, 빼앗기다, 잡히다1, can have a direct object even though they are passive verbs.)<br />
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Some verbs seldom take the -어/아지다 ending. These exceptional verbs need some special passive forms.<br />
*죽다 : to die<br />
*죽이다 : to make/let someone die , to kill : (causative -이)<br />
*죽여지다 (?) : to be killed (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 죽이다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*죽임을 당하다 : to be killed (by a murderer) : (causative -이 + nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
*죽음을 당하다 : to be killed : (If someone is accidentally killed, you should use this form. Notice the causative suffix -이 has been removed. It means either he was murdered or accidentally killed. Maybe it's hard to tell if someone caused the death on purpose and is responsible for it. For example, he may have been killed by a wild animal, or killed by a natural disaster, or killed by an unavoidable car accident. Or he may have incurred his own death, for example, he may have been legally executed for his crime, or got cancer because of his bad habit.)<br />
*사망(死亡)하다 : to die : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)하다 : to kill : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)당하다 (살해당하다 or 살해를 당하다) : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*피살(被殺)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
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*놀리다 : to tease : (This 놀리다 looks like it's suffixed with -리, but it already is a word. 놀다 has a causative form 놀리다2 but it is a different word.)<br />
*놀려지다 (?) : to be teased (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 놀리다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*놀림을 받다 (놀림받다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다)<br />
*놀림을 당하다 (놀림당하다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
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*가르치다 : to teach<br />
*가르쳐지다 : (for something) to be taught : (The subject is the '''direct object''' of the active verb. For example, "영어가 가르쳐져야 한다: The English language should be taught")<br />
*가르침을 받다 : (for someone) to be taught : (The subject is the '''indirect object''' of the active verb. For example, "학생들이 가르침을 받았다: The students were taught")<br />
:※ Although 가르쳐지다 is correct, Koreans hardly use it. The active voice sentence "영어를 가르쳐야 한다(Should teach English)" is much more common.<br />
:※ An indirect object of a verb generally cannot be the subject of the passive verb, but the verb 가르치다 is an exceptional case. When the direct object 영어를 is omitted, 학생들에게(indirect object) can become 학생들을(direct object), so that it can be the subject of the passive verb.<br />
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묻다 has three meanings and each of them has different conjugational forms.<br />
*묻다1 : to bury<br />
*묻히다1 : to be buried : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*묻어지다 : to be buried : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*묻혀지다1 (X) : to be buried : (passive -히 + passive -어지다, this usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*묻게 하다 : to make/let someone bury something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*묻다2 : to be smeared with : (intransitive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻었다 : My hands were smeared with blood)<br />
*묻게 하다 (?) : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (causative -게 하다. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 묻히다2.)<br />
*묻히다2 : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (This -히 is causative. Note that the previous 묻히다1 is passive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피를 묻혔다 : Smeared my hands with blood)<br />
*묻혀지다2 : passive form of 묻히다2 : (causative -히 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻혀졌다 : My hands were smeared with blood (by someone intentionally))<br />
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*묻다3 : to question : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*물어지다 (?) : to be questioned (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 묻다3, but this is not used. It sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*물음을 받다 : to be questioned : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다) : (This is the correct passive form of 묻다3)<br />
*질문(質問)을 받다 : to be questioned : (This Sino-Korean alternative is more frequently used than 물음을 받다)<br />
*물어보게 하다 : to make/let someone question something : (causative form in -게 하다. Theoretically, it should be 묻게 하다 but this can be misunderstood as the 묻다1 verb.)<br />
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:※ In English, the word "question" could be either a noun or a verb without changing its form, but this kind of flexibility doesn't exist in Korean. It is called "zero derivation" and it inevitably causes grammatical ambiguities, and makes the language resort to word order to figure out whether it is a verb or a noun, that's an analytic language. A noun and a verb can't have the same form in Korean. There is no exception. For example, 사랑 is a noun and its verb form is 사랑하다. 물음 is a noun and its verb form is 묻다.<br />
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Adjectives can also become passive and causative verbs.<br />
*낮다 : be(is) low : (adjective)<br />
*낮아지다 : to become low : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*낮추다 : to make something be low , to lower something : (낮다 + causative -추)<br />
*낮춰지다 : to become lowered by someone : (causative -추 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*높다 : be(is) high : (adjective)<br />
*높아지다 : to become high : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*높이다 : to make something be high , to raise something : (높다 + causative -이)<br />
*높여지다 : to become raised by someone : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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:※ To be precise, -어/-아지다 means "to become" when it is attached to adjectives, so 낮아지다 and 높아지다 shouldn't be called "passive form" but they look exactly like the -어/-아지다 passive form.<br />
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Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.<br />
*자다 : to sleep<br />
*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*재워지다 : passive form of 재우다 : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*차다1 : to fill (intransitive. 차다 has many meanings and their conjugational forms are different by each meaning, as in 묻다 explained above.)<br />
*채우다1 (차게 하다1) : to make something filled, to fill something : (차 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*채워지다1 : to be filled : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*서다 : to stand<br />
*세우다 (서게 하다) : to make/let something stand, to erect something : (서 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*세워지다 : to be erected : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Some verbs have multiple causative forms.<br />
*눕다 : to lie (down) : (intransitive)<br />
*눕게 하다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -게 하다)<br />
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*눕히다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -히)<br />
*눕혀지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -히 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*누이다 (뉘다) : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (눕다 + 이 → [[ㅂ irregular verbs|눕이다 → 누우이다]] → 누이다 → 뉘다)<br />
*누여지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Double causative forms are possible and correct.<br />
*죽이다 (죽게 하다) : to make someone die, to kill<br />
*죽이게 하다 : to make someone kill (causative -이 + causative -게 하다) : (e.g. "Hey John, kill Lisa" → I made John make Lisa die)<br />
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*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make someone sleep<br />
*재우게 하다 : to make someone1 make someone2 sleep : (e.g. "Hey Lisa, put me to sleep" → I made Lisa make me sleep)<br />
:※ I made John make Lisa die = 나는 John이 Lisa를 죽이게 했다<br />
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The [[르 irregular verbs]] follow a special pattern.<br />
*구르다 : to roll (itself)<br />
*굴리다 : to make something roll, to roll something : (causative -리)<br />
*굴려지다 : passive form of 굴리다<br />
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*누르다 : to press<br />
*눌리다 : to be pressed : (passive -리)<br />
*눌러지다 : to be pressed : (passive -어지다)<br />
*눌려지다 (X) : to be pressed : (double passive, this is wrong)<br />
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:※ 굴리다 and 눌리다 have the same pattern, seemingly they are easy. However, 굴리다 is causative, 눌리다 is passive. When the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are attached, there is no specific way to know which one is passive and which one is causative. You have to just memorize them whenever you encounter new words. You have to look up in a dictionary to know if they are passive or causative. If you find this grammar part very confusing, it is normal. I guess you are doing well. Welcome to the most illogical and absurd part of Korean. This part will be the final hurdle on the road to master Korean grammar. I will explain in detail again.<br />
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Some passive verbs don't have their active forms. For example, 고이다 works like a passive verb (passive -이), but its expected active form 고다 or 고으다 is not used. 고다2 that you can find in the Korean dictionary is a homonym, a different word. What's more, the passive form of 고다2 is 고아지다 (고다 + -아지다), not 고이다2. In short,<br />
*고다1 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*고이다1 : to be gathered and form a puddle : (passive -이) : (e.g. 눈물이 고였다 : Tears were gathered and formed a puddle)<br />
*고여지다 (X) : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive.)<br />
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*고다2 : to boil meat or bone for a long time and extract juice from it<br />
*고이다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 고다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.)<br />
*고아지다 : to be boiled : (고다2 + passive -아지다)<br />
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:※ ''form'' and ''gather'' are both ergative verbs. (There are a ton of ergative verbs in English.) Remember, in Korean, you must use passive and forget about ergative.<br />
:: Tears formed in my eyes : (ergative)<br />
:: Tears were formed in my eyes (by my lacrimal glands) : (passive)<br />
:: My lacrimal glands formed tears in my eyes : (active)<br />
:: People gathered : (ergative)<br />
:: People were gathered : (passive)<br />
:: Something gathered people : (active)<br />
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멈추다 and 움직이다 are exceptional verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive(ergative) without changing their forms. They are pretty much like the ergative verbs in English.<br />
*멈다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*멈추다1 : to make something stop, to stop something : (This -추 works like a causative suffix although 멈다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 멈췄다(멈추었다) : I stopped the car)<br />
*멈추다2 : to stop (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 멈췄다(멈추었다) : The car stopped)<br />
*멈춰지다 (멈추어지다) : to be stopped : (causative -추 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 멈춰졌다(멈추어지었다) : The car was stopped)<br />
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*움직다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*움직이다1 : to make something move, to move something : (This -이 works like a causative suffix although 움직다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 움직였다(움직이었다) : I moved the car)<br />
*움직이다2 : to move (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 움직였다(움직이었다) : The car moved)<br />
*움직여지다 (움직이어지다) : to be moved : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 움직여졌다(움직이어지었다) : The car was moved)<br />
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:※ As you can see, 멈추다 and 움직이다 work exactly like the English verbs ''stop'' and ''move'' which are ergative verbs. 차(the car) can be either a subject or an object but the verbs (멈추- and 움직이-) remain the same. You can also use the passive verbs 멈춰지다(멈추어지다) and 움직여지다(움직이어지다), but they are unnecessary in many cases, just like ''be stopped'' and ''be moved'' are in English. These two verbs must be very easy to learn for English speakers.<br />
:※ If 멈추다 and 움직이다 were regular verbs, the intransitive verbs should be 멈다 and 움직다, not 멈추다2 and 움직이다2. That's why they are exceptional cases. (Note: 멈추다2 can be replaced with 멎다, which is the original intransitive verb)<br />
:※ Korean ergative verbs : 멈추다, 움직이다, 그치다, 마치다, 다치다, 뭉치다, 풍기다, 다하다, 상하다, 반짝이다, 내리다, 울리다, 불다, 휘다, 데다, 시작하다, 작동하다, 정지하다 (In many cases, these verbs don't work ergatively, so you should check their specific usages.)<br />
:※ In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, Korean had a lot more ergative verbs. For example, in Middle Korean, 문이 열다(a door opens) was correct, but in modern Korean, you must use the passive verb 열리다 (문이 열리다 : a door gets opened). For hundreds of years, Korean has been ditching its ergative constructions and evolving into a true nominative-accusative language. The evolution is still ongoing. For example, I introduced 마치다 as an ergative verb, but its ergative usage is nearly obsolete now. It's safe to assume 마치다 is just a regular verb. (Technically, 일을 마치다 and 일이 마치다 both are correct, but the ergative sentence 일이 마치다 is nearly obsolete and some may even consider it unnatural. In the near future, only 일이 마쳐지다(passive -어지다) will be considered correct.) 시작하다 is also an ergative verb and its ergative usage is nearly obsolete. At the beginning of this page, I explained that only "게임이 시작됐다(시작되었다)" is correct, but technically "게임이 시작했다(시작하였다)" is also correct (no one would speak like that nowadays).<br />
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Verbs that end with -나다, such as 끝나다, 빛나다, are often explained as passive verbs, but they're not that easy to explain and can be controversial. You can simply treat them as intransitive verbs. All -나다 verbs are intransitive, and when the causative suffix -이 is attached, they become transitive -내다. [나다 + causative -이 → 나이다 → 내다] <br />
*끝나다 : to end (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 시험이 끝났다 : The exam ended)<br />
*끝내다 (끝나게 하다) : to make something end, to end something, to finish something : (e.g. 시험을 끝냈다 : (I) finished the exam)<br />
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*고장 나다 : to break (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 : My computer broke down)<br />
*고장 내다 (고장 나게 하다) : to make something break, to break something : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터를 고장 냈다 : (I) broke my computer)<br />
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*빛나다 : to shine (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*빛내다 (빛나게 하다) : to make something shine<br />
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*드러나다 : to be revealed : (This is supposed to be an intransitive verb but I translated to a passive verb because the English verb ''reveal'' doesn't work as an intransitive verb. There is no object anyway.)<br />
*드러내다 (드러나게 하다) : to reveal something<br />
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*나타나다 : to show up (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*나타내다 (나타나게 하다) : to make something show up, to represent something<br />
:※ For some reason, 고장나다 and 고장내다 have not become words in the standard Korean dictionary, so technically we are supposed to put a space like 고장(이) 나다 and 고장(을) 내다, but most Koreans are not bothered about it. This is not important so don't mind it.<br />
:※ Double causative forms like "끝내게 하다, 빛내게 하다" are also possible. I have already explained about the double causative forms.<br />
:※ Many -나다 verbs, such as 기억나다, 깨어나다, don't have -내다 form. (기억내다, 깨어내다 are wrong. You must use the alternative causative form 기억나게 하다, 깨어나게 하다.)<br />
:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.<br />
:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)<br />
:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)<br />
:: 화내다 : to openly vent one's anger : (In this case, 화내다 is not a causative form of 화나다.)<br />
:: 화내게 하다 : to make someone openly vent his anger : (causative -게 하다. This is not a double causative form.)<br />
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When verbs have a -하다 (to do) ending, the conjugations are different from the rules above. Most Hanja words (Chinese loanwords) belong to this part.<br />
When 하다 verbs have a monosyllabic stem, they tend to take the -어/-아지다 ending. <br><br />
Note that the 하다 verb itself is irregular. <br><br />
[하다 + -어/-아지다 → 하여지다 → 해지다]<br />
*칠하다 : to paint<br />
*칠해지다 (칠하여지다) : to be painted<br />
*정하다 : to decide<br />
*정해지다 (정하여지다) : to be decided<br />
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Note that there are many exceptions, this is not an established principle. For example, 변하다 (to change) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so it can't take the passive ending -어/-아지다. If you use 변해지다 which is wrong, Koreans will instantly notice that you are not a native speaker. The native Korean counterpart to "to change", 바꾸다, has a normal passive form 바뀌다(바꾸이다). In short,<br />
*변하다 : to change (itself) : (intransitive)<br />
*바꾸다 : to change (something) : (active)<br />
*바뀌다 : to be changed : (passive)<br />
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바뀌다 and 변하다 are kind of interchangeable. For example,<br />
*내 마음이 바뀌었다(My mind was changed) ≈ 내 마음이 변했다(My mind changed) : 내 마음(my mind) is the subject of the sentence<br />
바꾸다(active) can't be replaced with 변하다.<br />
*[I] Changed my mind = 내 마음을 바꾸었다(바꿨다) : 내 마음(my mind) is the object of the sentence<br />
:※ If you want the stem 변 to be transitive, you must use other correct transitive verbs such as 변경하다, 변화시키다.<br />
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When 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they don't add the -어/-아지다 ending. Instead, the 하다 ending changes to 되다 or 받다 or 당하다. (You should memorize which one to use for individual verbs. Some verbs can take two out of the three.)<br />
*결정하다 : to decide<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided (Note: 결정하다 is a synonym of 정하다 above, the only difference is the prefix 결, but they follow different rules.)<br />
*사랑하다 : to love<br />
*사랑받다 (사랑을 받다) : to be loved (받다 means "to receive")<br />
*구타하다 : to beat up<br />
*구타당하다 (구타를 당하다) : to be beaten up (당하다 means "to undergo/suffer")<br />
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Note that Korean adjectives can have -하다 ending too, but the 하다 in adjectives is a different thing and doesn't mean "to do". The conjugation are also different. They take the -어/-아지다 and the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] endings like verbs, but the 시키다 causative form is not used. This poses another difficulty because 하다 verbs and adjectives look the same, so you can't determine if they are verbs or adjectives unless you look up in a dictionary. You should first figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, then you can apply correct conjugation rules.<br />
*깨끗하다 : be(is) clean : (adjective)<br />
*깨끗해지다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 되다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 하다 : to make/let something be(is) clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*깨끗해지게 하다 : to make/let something become clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
:※ Note: For 하다 adjectives, whether the stem is monosyllabic or polysyllabic doesn't matter. It is always "하다 → 해지다" and "하다 → 하게 되다". (It only matters to 하다 verbs)<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs, such as 좋아하다, 싫어하다, don't have any passive form.<br />
*좋아하다 (좋다 + -아하다) : to like : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*싫어하다 (싫다 + -어하다) : to dislike : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*무서워하다 (무섭다 + -어하다) : to fear : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
:※ 무섭다(to be scary) follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
:※ You've just been taught that the passive form of 하다 is 해지다(하여지다) or 되다/받다/당하다. You might expect the passive form of 좋아하다 would be 좋아해지다 or 좋아되다/좋아받다/좋아당하다. None of these are correct.<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs have possible passive forms.<br />
*귀여워하다 (귀엽다 + -어하다) : to adore<br />
*귀여움받다 (귀여움을 받다) : to be adored<br />
*미워하다 (밉다 + -어하다) : to hate<br />
*미움받다 (미움을 받다) : to be hated<br />
:※ 귀엽다(to be cute) and 밉다(to be detestable) follow the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
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The causative form of 하다 is 시키다.<br />
*실행하다 : to carry out<br />
*실행시키다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
*실행하게 하다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
:※ Note: Only when 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they can take -시키다. For example, 변하다 is a verb but the stem 변 is monosyllabic, so 변시키다 is wrong, you must use 변하게 하다. 깨끗하다 is an adjective, so 깨끗시키다 is wrong.<br />
:※ Note: Many 하다 verbs with a polysyllabic stem don't take -시키다. For example, 사랑하다 is a verb and the stem 사랑 is polysyllabic, (it meets all the conditions to take -시키다) but 사랑시키다 is not used. -하게 하다 can be applied universally.<br />
:※ "I ran Photoshop on my computer" Does this sentence really make sense? From Korean's perspective, I think this sentence is a little bit weird. (I mean it's mostly fine and still fully comprehensible but there is a more decent way to describe it.) You are a human so you can't run the Photoshop program designed for computer machines. The agent that runs Photoshop is your computer, not yourself. All you are doing is just making your computer run Photoshop. (포토샵을 실행시켰다 : (I) made (my computer) run Photoshop - ''or'' - (I) made Photoshop run (itself on my computer)) (There are two possible translations. The direct object of 시키다 is kind of ambiguous.)<br />
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Note that (하)게 하다 and (하)게 되다 are different. (하)게 하다 is a causative form for verbs and adjectives, (하)게 되다 is like "to become" for adjectives. When verbs take (하)게 되다, the meaning is slightly different. It's like "end up doing / get to do".<br />
*결정하다 : to decide : (verb)<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided : (verb)<br />
*결정하게 하다 : to make/let someone decide something : (-게 하다 causative. The 시키다 causative form is not used for this verb)<br />
*결정되게 하다 : to make/let something be decided : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*결정하게 되다 : to end up deciding something , to get to decide something<br />
*결정되게 되다 : to end up being decided : (Same with other non-되다 passive verbs. For example, [정해지게 되다 : to end up being decided] , [구타당하게 되다 : to end up being beaten up] , [먹히게 되다 : to end up being eaten])<br />
*결정해지다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 결정하다 is a verb and the stem 결정 is polysyllabic.)<br />
*익숙하다 : be(is) accustomed : (adjective)<br />
*익숙하게 되다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지게 하다 : to make/let someone become accustomed : (verb, -게 하다 causative)<br />
*익숙되다, 익숙받다, 익숙당하다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 익숙하다 is an adjective.)<br />
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In short, the conjugations for the passive and the causative forms vary with individual verbs, but there are some patterns. (Most passive verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기 or -어/-아지다 or -되다/-받다/-당하다. Most causative verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기, -우 ,-구, -추 or -게 하다 or -시키다). The three suffixes -우, -구, -추 are unconditionally causative, so they are no problem, but the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are particularly tricky as they could be either passive or causative (or sometimes both). Let's see possible scenarios.<br />
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:⑴ When adjectives are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (넓다(to be wide) is an adjective so you can expect 넓히다(to widen something) is causative.) <br><br />
:⑵ When intransitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (얼다(to freeze) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so you can expect 얼리다(to freeze something) is causative) <br><br />
:⑶ When transitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, you need a Korean dictionary to figure them out. <br><br />
:: ① Case one : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only passive (잊히다, 끊기다, 믿기다, 밀리다, 모이다, 쌓이다, etc) <br><br />
:: ② Case two : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only causative (알리다, 넘기다, 맞히다, 입히다, 맡기다, 신기다, etc) <br><br />
:: ③ Case three : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in the same form (보이다, 들리다, 업히다, 뜯기다, 읽히다, 털리다, etc) <br><br />
:: ④ Case four : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in different forms (먹히다-먹이다) <br><br />
:: ⑤ Case five : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative depending on the meaning of the stem (묻히다1 is only passive, but 묻히다2 is only causative. 불리다, 물리다, 들리다, etc can be many different meanings.) (묻다2 is intransitive, by the way) <br><br />
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If you come across those words that you don't know, you can't really determine whether they are passive or causative unless you look up in a Korean dictionary, because the meaning of those four suffixes in individual verbs is arbitrary. (If you come across a "-ed" suffixed English word that you don't know, you can soon figure out that it is a past tense suffix for a verb, but you can't determine the function of the four Korean suffixes without a Korean dictionary) Besides, when they have the -하다 ending, you have to figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, because verbs and adjectives follow different rules despite looking exactly the same things. That's why many Korean materials for foreigners skip over this grammar part. They (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) often say "Passive verbs are not much used in Korean" or "Passive verbs are not as common as the passive voice in English". The first argument is wrong. Passive verbs are very common in Korean in fact. The second argument might be true in many cases, but I'm dubious about whether it's concluded from any valid statistics. As previously shown, many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean, but it is often ignored. It seems like many Koreans aren't even aware that they are actually speaking in the passive form. I have never seen someone explain 믿기지 않다 or 믿어지지 않다 or 믿겨지지 않다 as the passive form. Most people just explain it as "can't believe". That's how you end up thinking the passive form is not common in Korean without understanding the underlying grammar structure. Depending on the situation, the passive form in Korean could be even more common than the passive voice in English.<br />
<br />
There is another problem. Currently, all Korean-English dictionaries are designed for Koreans trying to learn English, not for foreigners trying to learn Korean. Even the Korean-English Learners' dictionary operated by the Korean government is not so friendly to English speakers. 맺히다 is a passive form of 맺다, but in any Korean-English dictionary, there is no such information about it being a passive form, and the definition doesn't even look like a passive verb, because English speakers seldom use the passive voice for this verb. If you find 팔리다 in the dictionary, the definition is either "sell" or "be sold" so English speakers may misunderstand 팔리다 has both meanings, but it is in fact the English word "sell" that has both meanings 팔다(to sell) and 팔리다(to be sold). I have already explained about 팔리다 at the beginning of this page. 열다 and 열리다 are even the same meaning "open" according to the dictionary. Therefore, you should find these words in a Korean-Korean dictionary, specifically, the standard Korean dictionary (표준국어대사전). 피동사 means passive verb, 사동사 means causative verb so you can finally be 100% sure about them. If you can understand Japanese or Chinese, you can use Korean-Japanese or Korean-Chinese dictionaries, in which 맺히다 is correctly explained as a passive verb of 맺다. Somehow Korean dictionaries are much more friendly to Japanese and Chinese speakers.<br />
<br />
In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.<br />
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This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br><br />
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※ Further explanation about the passive form and the attributive form. <br><br />
In English, somehow the past participles are used for the passive voice, so English speakers naturally relate the completely different two concepts. In Korean, however, past tense has nothing to do with the passive form. They are morphologically completely different. Besides, English verbs don't have any attributive conjugational form. The verb conjugations are much simpler in English so it is causing misunderstandings or difficulties of Korean for English speakers. Think about this phrase "a pretty girl". English speakers never say "a pretty-ed girl" or "a pretty-will girl" so it is basically impossible to naturally convey connotations of Korean. I hope the following over specific translations can convey this Korean part. <br><br />
A passive verb, for example, 먹히다 (to be eaten) is the infinitive form (the basic verb form used in the dictionary), it doesn't even have any tense (it is not present tense. it literally has no tense whatsoever), so you should conjugate it in actual Korean. Let's make it into the attributive form with past tense.<br />
<br />
* 먹힌 닭 : a chicken that was eaten , a chicken that has been eaten (an eaten chicken)<br />
먹힌 alone implies three additional connotations along with the basic meaning "to eat". -히 stands for the passive form, -ㄴ/은 stands for past tense and the attributive form combined. If the verb stem has an ending consonant (e.g., 먹 in 먹다), -은 is used instead (먹다→먹은 as opposed to 먹히다→먹힌). Let's change it into present tense.<br />
* 먹히는 닭 : a chicken that is eaten (a chicken that is being eaten. Similar to 먹히고 있는 닭)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -는 stands for present tense and the attributive form combined. It looks exactly like 먹히 is a noun and -는 is the topic marker. It may be greatly confusing for beginners. It is what learners have to overcome. Let's change it into future tense.<br />
* 먹힐 닭 : a chicken that will be eaten , a chicken that is going to be eaten (English doesn't have a grammatical future tense but Korean does.)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -ㄹ/을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. Let's change it into past-future tense.<br />
* 먹혔을 닭 : a chicken that would have been eaten (먹 + 히 + 었 + 을 → 먹혔을)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -었 stands for past tense, -을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. See more variations.<br />
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* 먹히던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten (-던 implies the speaker is thinking about the past retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔던 닭 : a chicken that was eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔었던 닭 : a chicken that had been eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭 and 먹혔던 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹히고 있는 닭 : a chicken that is being eaten (Similar to 먹히는 닭 but emphasizing the action is being done now)<br />
* 먹히고 있던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있을 닭 : a chicken that will be being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었을 닭 : a chicken that would have been being eaten (This one is hard to translate. You should change the "have been" part to "was". Imagine "would" and "was being eaten" are combined)<br />
* 먹히게 되는 닭 : a chicken that ends up being eaten (I've already explained about the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] grammar)<br />
* 먹히게 될 닭 : a chicken that will end up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 된 닭 : a chicken that (just) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었던 닭 : a chicken that (had) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었었던 닭 : a chicken that had ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었을 닭 : a chicken that would have ended up being eaten<br />
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Be careful it is slightly different for adjectives.<br />
* 예쁘다 : to be pretty (adjective)<br />
* 예쁜 닭 : a chicken that is pretty (a pretty chicken) : (Unlike verbs, -ㄴ/은 stands for present tense. It may be confusing)<br />
* 예뻤던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (This alternative past tense form is applied to adjectives, which is the same with that of verbs)<br />
* 예쁘던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (Implies the chicken used to be pretty, retrospectively)<br />
* 예뻤었던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty before (a chicken that had been pretty before)<br />
* 예쁘는 닭 (X) : (If 예쁘다 was a verb, -는 stands for present tense, but it is an adjective so -는 is completely wrong)<br />
* 예쁠 닭 : a chicken that will be pretty : (The future tense follows the same pattern for verbs. In this case, 예뻐질 닭 (a chicken that will become pretty) would be more natural.)<br />
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In short, -ㄴ/은 is past tense for verbs, but present tense for adjectives. -는 is present tense for verbs, but wrong for adjectives. <br />
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I have said that Korean verbs must be conjugated in a sentence, but there is a trap. Take a look at this sentence.<br />
* 먹히다 간신히 탈출했다.<br />
In this sentence, 먹히다 looks exactly like the unconjugated infinitive form, but it isn't in fact. That 먹히다 is contracted from 먹히다가 (먹히다 + -다가) meaning "while being eaten"<br />
* 먹히다가 간신히 탈출했다. : (Someone) Barely escaped while being eaten. (He was being eaten alive, but barely escaped.)<br />
If you ever come across a verb in a sentence that looks like an unconjugated form, it is the -다가(while) form. It is just contracted to -다(while). <br><br />
Korean has two different suffixes for the meaning "while". In fact, "-(으)면서" is more similar to the meaning of the English "while". Google it if you want to know about the difference between -다가 and -(으)면서.<br> -다가 becomes -다 when contracted, -(으)면서 becomes -(으)며 when contracted.<br />
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There is another case. In headlines or titles of some articles, the unconjugated verb form can be used.<br />
* 관광객, 상어에게 잡아먹히다! : Tourist, eaten by shark! (this is supposed to be a headline of news)<br />
In this case, that 먹히다 is the unconjugated form. So, this headline has no tense. (먹힌다 for present tense, 먹혔다 for past tense)<br />
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※ -이다 vs. -하다 <br><br />
Let's assume your parents named you as "Lovely" when you were born. How would you introduce yourself when you meet someone?<br />
* Hello, I am Lovely. (sounds so narcissistic)<br />
* Hello, my name is Lovely. (boasting of your name?)<br />
It is a very embarrassing situation, isn't it? If you remember this specific situation, you will never be confused about -이다 and -하다. The fundamental problem is that you can't specify the grammatical role of "lovely". Your name is supposed to be a noun but it sounds like an adjective due to the same pronunciation. Languages around the world have various solutions to avoid this kind of problem. English has solved this kind of problem with extensive use of articles. If you put an article like a/an/the, you can make clear that "Lovely" is a noun. However, In this specific situation, unfortunately you can't put any article. I wanted to show what happens when you can't use articles in English. Now you would understand why English speakers are obsessed with correct use of grammatical articles. <br><br />
Korean has a different solution without using articles.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely야. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : (-야 explicitly indicates that "Lovely" is a noun. -야 is conjugated from -이다. -입니다, -예요/-이에요 are also possible)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely해. (Hello, I am lovely.) : (-해 explicitly indicates that "lovely" is an adjective. -해 is conjugated from -하다. -합니다, -해요 are also possible)<br />
As you can see, the grammar has eliminated the ambiguity, so there is no such an embarrassing situation in Korean. Instead, there is another problem in Korean. I've already said that there are two different kinds of 하다s in Korean; 하다 for verbs and 하다 for adjectives. Here they go again. In the example above, -해 could be either a verb or an adjective. In many speech styles, the grammar is simplified and the same spelling is used for both of them. Let's make it more clear by using a different speech style.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely이다. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : ("Lovely" is a noun. -이다 can be shortened to -다 when the noun doesn't have an ending consonant.)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely하다. (Hello, I am lovely.) : ("lovely" is an adjective)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely한다. (Hello, I do the thing "Lovely".) : ("Lovely" is a verb. It can be anything you can do. For example, it could be a name of a video game.)<br />
All the examples are present tense. (-이다 the copula for nouns, and adjectives, don't add -ㄴ/는 for present tense in this speech style. Only verbs do.)<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+이 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in ㅎ or a vowel)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 놓다 (to lay, to put, to build)<br />
| 놓이다 (to be on, to be placed, to be built)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 (I put dishes on the table).<br />
*Passive: 식탁에 그릇들이 놓였다 (Dishes were put on the table).<br />
|-<br />
| 바꾸다 (to change)<br />
| 바뀌다 (to be changed)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 결정을 바꾸었다 (I changed the decision).<br />
*Passive: 결정이 바뀌었다 (The decision was changed).<br />
|-<br />
| 보다 (to see)<br />
| 보이다 (to be seen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 나는 그 외계인을 보았다 (I saw the alien).<br />
*Passive: 그 외계인이 보였다. (The alien was seen (to me)).<br />
|-<br />
| 쓰다 (to use, to write)<br />
| 쓰이다 (to be used, to be written)<br />
| <br />
*Active:그 책은 내 친구가 썼다 (My friend wrote that book).<br />
*Passive:그 책은 내 친구에 의해 쓰였다 (That book was written by my friend).<br />
|-<br />
| 쌓다 (to pile up, to stack)<br />
| 쌓이다 (to be piled up, to be stacked up)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 상자를 쌓았다 (I stacked boxes up).<br />
*Passive: 상자가 쌓였다 (Boxes were stacked up).<br />
|-<br />
| 차다 - to dump someone<br />
| 차이다 - to be dumped<br />
|<br />
*Active: 내가 여자친구를 찼다 (I dumped my girlfriend).<br />
*Passive: 내 여자친구가 나에게 차였다 (My girlfriend was dumped by me).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+히 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in a ㅂ,ㅈ,ㄷ or ㄱ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 꽂다 (to put in, to stick in)<br />
| 꽂히다 (to be stuck in)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 꽃을 꽃병에 꽂았다 (I put flowers in a vase).<br />
*Passive: 꽃이 꽃병에 꽂혔다 (Flowers were put in a vase).<br />
|-<br />
| 닫다 (to close, to shut)<br />
| 닫히다 (to be closed, to be shut)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 문을 닫았다 (I closed the door).<br />
*Passive: 문이 닫혔다 (The door was closed).<br />
|-<br />
| 읽다 (to read)<br />
| 읽히다 (to be read)<br />
| <br />
*Active:책을 읽었다 (I read a book).<br />
*Passive: 책이 읽혔다 (The book was read by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 막다 (to block, to clog)<br />
| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).<br />
*Passive: 입구가 막혔다 (The entrance was blocked).<br />
|-<br />
| 먹다 (to eat)<br />
| 먹히다 (to be eaten)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 빵을 먹는다 (I eat bread).<br />
*Passive: 빵이 먹혔다 (The bread was eaten). <br />
|-<br />
| 묻다 (to bury)<br />
| 묻히다 (to be buried)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 땅에 관을 묻었다 (I buried the coffin under the ground).<br />
*Passive: 땅에 관이 묻혔다 (The coffin was buried under the ground).<br />
|-<br />
| 뽑다 (to pluck, to pull off)<br />
| 뽑히다 (to be plucked, to be pulled off)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 잡초를 뽑는다 (I pluck the weeds out). <br />
*Passive: 잡초가 뽑혔다 (The weeds were plucked out).<br />
|-<br />
| 잡다 (to catch)<br />
| 잡히다 (to be caught)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 경찰이 범죄자를 잡았다 (the police caught the criminal).<br />
*Passive: 범죄자가 경찰에게 잡혔다 (the criminal was caught by the police).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+리 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category are irregular ㄷ verbs or end with ㄹ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 걸다 (to hang)<br />
| 걸리다 (to be hung)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 그림을 벽에 걸었다 (I hung a picture on the wall).<br />
*Passive: 그림이 벽에 걸렸다 (The picture was hung on the wall).<br />
|-<br />
| 듣다 (to hear)<br />
| 들리다 (to be heard)<br />
| <br />
*Active:노래를 들었다 (I heard the song).<br />
*Passive: 노래가 들렸다 (The song was heard).<br />
|-<br />
| 물다 (to bite)<br />
| 물리다 (to be bitten)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 개가 나를 물었다 (the dog bit me).<br />
*Passive: 나는 개한테 물렸다 (I was bitten by the dog).<br />
|-<br />
| 열다 (to open)<br />
| 열리다 (to be open)<br />
| <br />
*Active:창문을 열었다 (I open the window).<br />
*Passive: 창문이 열렸다 (The window was open).<br />
|-<br />
| 팔다 (to sell)<br />
| 팔리다 (to be sold)<br />
| <br />
*Active:나는 장난감을 판다 (I sell the toys).<br />
*Passive: 장난감이 팔렸다 (The toys were sold).<br />
|-<br />
| 풀다 (to untie, to solve)<br />
| 풀리다 (to get untied, to be solved )<br />
| <br />
*Active:문제를 풀었다 (I solve the problem).<br />
*Passive: 문제가 풀렸다 (The problem was solved).<br />
|-<br />
| 자르다 (to cut)<br />
| 잘리다 (to be cut)<br />
|<br />
*Active:종이를 잘랐다 (I cut the paper).<br />
*Passive: 종이가 잘렸다 (The paper was cut).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+기 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end with ㄴ (ㄶ), ㅅ and ㅁ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 끊다 (to cut off, to sever)<br />
| 끊기다 (to be cut off, to be severed)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 줄을 끊었다 (I cut the rope). <br />
*Passive: 줄이 끊겼다 (The rope was cut).<br />
|-<br />
| 빼앗다 (to take, to steal)<br />
| 빼앗기다 (to be taken, to be stolen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 돈을 빼앗았다 (I stole someone's money).<br />
*Passive: 돈을 빼앗겼다 (My money was stolen by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 안다 (to hold, to embrace)<br />
| 안기다 (to be held, to be embraced)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 아기를 품에 안았다 (I held baby in my arms).<br />
*Passive: 아기가 품에 안겼다 (The baby is in my arms).<br />
|-<br />
| 쫓다 (to chase)<br />
| 쫓기다 (to be chased)<br />
| <br />
*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A police officer is chasing a thief).<br />
*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A thief is being chased by a police officer).<br />
|-<br />
| 잠그다 (to lock)<br />
| 잠기다 (to be locked)<br />
| <br />
*Active:문을 잠갔다(잠그었다) (I locked the door). ☞ 잠그었다 is commonly contracted to 잠궜다 but this is grammatically incorrect. 잠그다 follows the [[으 irregular verbs|으 irregular conjugation rule]] so the correct contracted form is 잠갔다. (잠그었다 → [[Vowel harmony|잠ㄱ었다 → 잠ㄱ았다]] → 잠갔다)<br />
*Passive: 문이 잠겼다(잠기었다) (The door was locked). ☞ Strictly speaking, 잠기다 is actually a 이 passive verb. (잠그다 + 이 → 잠그이다 → 잠ㄱ이다 → 잠기다).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Causative form]]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-21-passive-voice-part-1/ TTMIK - Lesson 21 (Passive voice - part 1)]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-23-passive-voice-part-2/ TTMIK - Lesson 23 (Passive voice - part 2)]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formsPassive forms2023-06-10T22:07:38Z<p>DigitalSoju: Fixed translation</p>
<hr />
<div> If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs, <br />
look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and click on ''meanings'' (뜻풀이) or just [https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?range=meaning&query=%ED%94%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC click here].<br />
There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전). <br />
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The passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Passive voice emphasizes the process rather than who is performing the action. In Korean this form is called 피동. There are few patterns to help distinguish between active and passive voices in Korean verbs. This makes this more difficult to learn than a regular Korean grammar rule.<br />
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Passive verbs still work as action verbs but now the object (that usually takes 을 or 를) has become the subject of the sentence (takes the particles: 이 or 가).<br />
*길'''을''' 막아요. [Traffic] blocks the road.<br />
*길'''이''' 막혀요. The road is blocked [by traffic]. (막히다 is much more common in this scenario)<br />
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Many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean. (Only using the passive form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*It looks fine. ☞ 괜찮아 '''보여요'''. [It] '''is seen''' to be fine.<br />
*It sounds like English. ☞ 영어처럼 '''들려요'''. [It] '''is heard''' like English.<br />
*I can't see the blackboard well. ☞ 칠판이 잘 안 '''보여요'''. The blackboard '''is''' not '''seen''' well (by me).<br />
*Can you hear my voice? ☞ 내 목소리 '''들리냐'''? '''Is''' my voice '''heard''' (by you)?<br />
*The game has begun. ☞ 게임이 '''시작되었다'''. The game has '''been begun'''. (A game can't begin something because it has no ability to decide. There must be a human who had decided to begin the game. The "game" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This book is selling very well. ☞ 이 책은 아주 잘 '''팔리고 있다'''. This book '''is being sold''' very well. (A book can't sell something because it's not a human. The "book" is passive, not active.)<br />
*The door is opening. ☞ 문이 '''열리고 있다'''. The door '''is being opened'''. (A door can't open something because it has no ability to decide. If a door is opening, there must be something else affecting the door such as wind, dogs, installed automatic mechanisms, etc. Even if it's a haunted door, it should be opened by a ghost inside it, not by the door itself. The "door" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This door locks automatically. ☞ 이 문은 자동으로 '''잠긴다'''. As for this door, (it) '''is locked''' automatically. (This door '''becomes locked''' automatically.)<br />
*This fruit peels easily. ☞ 이 과일은 껍질이 잘 '''벗겨진다'''. As for this fruit, the skin '''is peeled off''' easily.<br />
*This hospital is filling up. ☞ 이 병원이 '''채워지고 있다'''. This hospital '''is being filled up'''. (with new patients)<br />
*This battery is charging. ☞ 이 배터리가 '''충전되고 있다'''. This battery '''is being charged'''. (by me, or by the battery charger)<br />
*My body is shaking. ☞ 내 몸이 '''떨린다'''. My body '''is''' (being) '''shaken'''. (by my nervous system) (= My nervous system is shaking my body.)<br />
*The law of gravity applies to all objects. ☞ 중력의 법칙은 모든 물체에 '''적용된다'''. The law of gravity '''is applied''' to all objects. (We apply the law = The law is applied by us)<br />
*It feels like I am your teacher. ☞ 내가 마치 네 선생님인 것처럼 '''느껴진다'''. [It] '''is felt''' like I am your teacher. ("It" is a dummy subject. A dummy subject can't feel something because it is not a living being. "It" must have been felt by someone. English speakers might be used to these expressions, but this kind of nonsense has no place in Korean. It feels, a book sells, a game begins, a door opens, a door closes, it looks, etc.)<br />
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:※ In most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment nominative-accusative] languages, sentences like "The smoke feels acrid", "The soup is cooking now" don't make sense. (The correct sense is "The smoke is felt acridly = I feel the smoke acridly", "The soup is being cooked now = I am cooking the soup now") If "'''This book sells well'''" is correct, "'''This pizza eats well'''" should also be correct, because they have exactly the same structure. Do you really think they are equally correct? Some grammarians try to explain it as "middle voice", but English has no verb form for the middle voice, how can you tell it apart from the active voice? If I say "'''This chicken eats well'''", is the chicken dead or alive? Think about "'''This book sells well'''" again. Is the book dead or alive? <br><br />
:In many European languages, there are special rules when transitive verbs become intransitive. For example, in German, "'''This book sells well'''" doesn't make sense because there is no reflexive pronoun. In German, the sentence should be like "'''This book sells itself good'''". Without the reflexive pronoun "itself"("sich" in German), it sounds like the book is a living being that can sell something. That's the normal sense of nominative-accusative languages. In Russian, they conjugate the verb, the sentence should be like "'''This book well sellsся'''". (the suffix -ся indicates the verb is intransitive). In English, neither of those rules exists, it's just arbitrary. According to Wikipedia, English also is a nominative-accusative language, but it's an aberrant one because this kind of nonsense is considered acceptable. In other words, English often behaves like an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment ergative-absolutive] language. Korean is a typical nominative-accusative language, but English is a bizarre one randomly behaving like an ergative-absolutive language. Most English speakers have never heard of the terminology "ergative" and aren't even aware that they are arbitrarily switching objects into subjects, so you should be aware of it and learn the typical sense of a nominative-accusative language. This is a problem of the English language itself so you shouldn't blame Korean. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_verb ergative verb] for more information.<br />
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:※ Korean also has a small number of ergative verbs. I will explain about these exceptions again.<br />
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:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님 : I your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님이다 : I am your teacher. <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 : (NOUN) that I am your teacher ("-인" is the attributive form of "-이다" meaning "be, am, are, is". "-이다" and "-인" both are present tense.) <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것 : the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 : like the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 느껴진다 : (It) is felt like the thing that I am your teacher. (느껴진다 (is felt) is present tense) <br> <br />
::마치 means "as if". You can put 마치 anywhere in the sentence or just omit it. Word order is not that important in Korean in the first place. You can also declare a topic with 나는(난) anywhere in the sentence. English speakers usually place much value on word order and try to focus on word order of Korean, because English is an analytic language in which word order is very important for understanding the meaning. Korean is not an analytic language, so you should change your method of approach. You should focus on how various suffixes are attached at the end of each word to assign their grammatical roles in a sentence, rather than word order. If you are not familiar with word order in Korean, you can practise in any word order you want. You can refine it later when you are more experienced. Even if you change word order as you want, Koreans will have no problem understanding your Korean though it might sound a bit unusual or eccentric. I am demonstrating this to show word order is actually kind of irrelevant in Korean. Destroy your stereotype given by your native language, and don't be afraid of being different about word order. <br><br />
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::나는 느껴진다 마치 내가 네 선생님인 것처럼. (Note: I feel it = It is felt by me) <br><br />
::나는(As for me) 느껴진다(it is felt) 마치(as if) 내가(I) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher am that) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
::The "-인" in "선생님인" is an attributive form as already explained, which means it has to be followed by a noun (in this case, 것). So, the word order "선생님인 것처럼" is typically fixed and can't be changed (unless you are making an inversion of word order for some kind of literary expression). They are kind of bound by the suffix "-인". <br><br />
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::This is another possible translation. (Note: I feel myself(me) = I am felt by me)<br />
::나는(As for me) 내가(I) 느껴진다(am felt) 마치(as if) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher being) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
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Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)<br />
*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.) <br />
*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.<br />
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Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)<br />
*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.<br />
*I was told that you were my son. (If I have to translate "be told", it would be 말해지다 or 이야기되다 but these expressions are unnatural in Korean) ☞ 네가 내 아들이라고 들었다. ([I] heard that you were my son.)<br />
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:※ Think about this sentence "He gave me a book." In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object (accusative case, -을/-를), and "me" is the indirect object (dative case, -에게). If you change word order (He gave a book me), it is wrong that's why English is an analytic language. Unlike English, Korean uses specific suffixes (-을/-를 vs. -에게) to distinguish between them, so word order doesn't matter. In English, both of them ("a book" and "me") can be the subject of the passive voice ('''a book''' was given to me , '''I''' was given a book), but in Korean, only the direct object "a book" can be the subject of the passive verb. In Korean, the indirect object is not even called "object", it's the dative case that is completely different. <br><br />
:"I was given" has two possible meanings, it's an ambiguous expression. It can be either "someone gave something to me" or "someone gave me to another person (I am like a human slave that can be gifted to others)". In Korean, "I was given (내가 주어졌다)" only means the second translation (I am a slave), because the subject "I" must be the direct object of the active verb "give". This kind of grammatical ambiguity doesn't exist in Korean, and it applies to all other Korean verbs. "I was told" only means "someone told about me (to another person)" so "I was told (a story)" doesn't make sense in Korean. It has to be "a story was told (to me)" in the passive voice (if I have to make a passive voice English sentence that can be literally translated into Korean).<br />
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:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::네가 내 아들 : you my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다 : You are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다라고 : (VERB) that "You are my son" <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son (If "아들" doesn't have an ending consonant, -이라고 becomes -라고. For example, 친구 + (이)라고 → 친구라고)<br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣다 : to hear that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣는다 : Hear(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣겠다 : Would hear that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었다 : Heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었겠다 : Would have heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하다 : to say that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 한다 : Say(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 : (NOUN) that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기 : a story that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기를 들었다 : Heard a story that says that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라는 얘기를 들었다 (Contracted from the previous sentence, same meaning) <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 (The above sentence can be even further contracted, that is similar to the actual colloquial language. See the shrinking process "아들이라고 하는" → "아들이라는" → "아들이란", and "이야기를" → "얘기를" → "얘길". This kind of process happens all the time in Korean, and it is key to understanding the actual spoken language.) <br><br />
::If you want to clarify the subject who heard the story, declare a topic with 나는(난). <br><br />
::난 네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 : As for me, (I) heard a story that says that you are my son. (This final sentence looks simple, but it has quite a complex structure, especially in the "아들이란" part.)<br />
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This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it due to its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.<br />
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OK, let's begin with easy forms. When verbs add -어지다, they become passive. When verbs add -게 하다, they become causative.<br />
*만들다 : to make (something)<br />
*만들어지다 : to be made : (만들 + 어지다)<br />
*만들게 하다 : to make/let someone make (something) : (만들 + 게 하다)<br />
*느끼다 : to feel (something)<br />
*느껴지다 : to be felt : (느끼 + 어지다. Try to pronounce 느끼어지다 fast then you get 느껴지다)<br />
*느끼게 하다 : to make/let someone feel (something) : (느끼 + 게 하다)<br />
*잇다 : to connect (something)<br />
*이어지다 : to be connected : (이 + 어지다. This verb follows the [[ㅅ irregular verbs|ㅅ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*잇게 하다 : to make/let someone connect (something) : (잇 + 게 하다)<br />
:※ The "pronounce fast and get something" rule applies to all verbs except for the irregular [[으 irregular verbs|으 dropping verbs]]. You can see an irregular example of 잠그다 at the end of this page.<br />
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굽다 has two meanings and their conjugational forms are different.<br />
*굽다1 : to bend itself (intransitive verb) - ''or'' - to be bent/stooped (adjective)<br />
*굽어지다 : to (naturally) become bent/stooped : (This "naturally" means "not by someone intentionally")<br />
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:※ Intransitive verbs, such as 굽다1, 죽다, 숨다, 남다, ordinarily can't take the passive ending -어지다, so 굽어지다 is grammatically problematic. (It's the same in English. Intransitive verbs, such as ''remain'', ''happen'', ''die'', cannnot be passive.) To solve this issue, the Korea university Korean dictionary (고려대 한국어대사전) separates 굽다1 into two different words: 굽다1 as a verb (to bend itself) and 굽다1 as an adjective (to be bent/stooped). When 굽다1 is an adjective, 굽어지다 (to become bent/stooped) makes sense. Technically, "adjective + 어지다" is not the passive form but it is practically not distinguished from the "verb + 어지다" passive form. I will explain about adjectives again.<br />
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*굽게 하다1 (?) : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (-게 하다 is always causative. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 굽히다. It seems the Bible in Korean version uses this 굽게 하다 because it gives a unique unusual nuance.)<br />
*굽히다 : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (This -히 is causative)<br />
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative -히 + passive -어지다. Try to pronounce 굽히어지다 fast then you get 굽혀지다.)<br />
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*굽다2 : to bake (something)<br />
*굽히다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 굽다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.) <br />
*구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]]. Try to pronounce 구우어지다 fast then you get 구워지다.)<br />
*굽게 하다2 : to make/let someone bake (something) : (-게 하다 is always causative. Since 굽게 하다1 is hardly used, you can assume 굽게 하다 is this thing in most cases)<br />
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In the example above, -히 is a causative suffix, but it can be a passive suffix either in many other verbs.<br />
*먹다 : to eat<br />
*먹어지다 (?) : to be eaten : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 먹히다. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*먹히다 : to be eaten : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*먹혀지다 (X) : to be eaten : (passive -히 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*먹이다 (먹게 하다) : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (This -이 is causative)<br />
*먹여지다 : to be fed : (causative -이 + passive -어지다. This is correct but hardly used.)<br />
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:※ To be precise, the exact meaning of 먹어지다 and 먹히다 is slightly different. It's so subtle, very hard to explain in English. Let's say you are trying to eat a metal spoon now (it looks physically impossible to chew and swallow), then I would say 그게 먹어져요? (Can it be eaten?), but I wouldn't say 그게 먹혀요? (Is it eaten?). -어지다 can imply "(physically) possible" in some verbs.<br />
:※ In Korean, "I was fed (내가 먹여졌다)" means "I became food for an animal (and I was thrown into the mouth of the animal)", because the subject of the passive verb must be the direct object of the active verb. (I have already explained about it at the beginning of this page.) Hence, "내가 먹여졌다 (I was fed)" doesn't make sense and you'll never see it in Korean. If you have to use 먹여지다, the expression should be like "나에게(to me) 밥이(rice) 먹여졌다(was fed)". The subject has to be some sort of food. After all, Koreans rarely use the verb 먹여지다 in the first place.<br />
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For many verbs, the passive and the causative forms are morphologically identical.<br />
*보다 : to see<br />
*보아지다 (봐지다) (?) : to be seen : (-아지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 보이다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*보이다1 : to be seen : (This -이 is passive)<br />
*보여지다1 (X) : to be seen : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*보이다2 (보게 하다) : to make/let someone see , to show : (This -이 is causative. To avoid confusion, 보여주다 (보이다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases)<br />
*보여지다2 : to be shown : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 마침내 그 끔찍한 진실이 관객들에게 보여졌다: Finally, the horrendous truth was shown to the audience)<br />
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*듣다 : to hear : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*들어지다 (?) : to be heard : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 들리다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*들리다1 : to be heard : (This -리 is passive)<br />
*들려지다1 (X) : to be heard : (passive -리 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*들리다2 (듣게 하다) : to make/let someone hear, to tell(when talking) : (This -리 is causative. To avoid confusion, 들려주다 (들리다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases) : (e.g. 내 노래를 들려줄게 (듣게 해줄게): I'll let you hear my song)<br />
*들려지다2 : passive form of 들리다2 : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 너의 노래가 나에게 들려졌다: Your song was told(heard) to me)<br />
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:※ 들리다1 is simply "to be heard" whereas 들려지다2 is like someone is deliberately moving the source of the sound to your ears because he wants you to hear it. Likewise, 보이다1 is simply "to be seen" whereas 보여지다2(to be shown) is like someone is deliberately moving something in front of your eyes because he wants you to see it. If you can notice the difference between "진실이 보였다 (the truth was seen)" and "진실이 보여졌다 (the truth was shown)", you can also know the difference between "너의 노래가 들렸다 (your song was heard)" and "너의 노래가 들려졌다 (your song was VERB)". I think there is no adequate verb for 들려지다2 in English, so you should imagine it. The closest approximation is "your song was told to me (you caused me to hear it)".<br />
:※ In the Gyeongsang and Hamgyŏng dialects, 듣기다 is used instead of 들리다1. In these dialects, 듣기다(passive) and 들리다(causative) are different. Any dialect is the correct Korean language.<br />
:※ The passive ending -어지다 changed to -아지다 in 보아지다. If you don't know why it changes, see [[Vowel harmony]].<br />
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Many verbs have two possible passive forms but only one of them is preferred in most cases. (The less preferred one might even sound unnatural) For some verbs, however, the two passive forms are equally preferred, either one is fine.<br />
*믿다 : to believe<br />
*믿기다 : to be believed : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*믿어지다 : to be believed : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*믿겨지다 (X) : to be believed : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*믿게 하다 : to make/let someone believe something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*끊다 : to cut<br />
*끊기다 : to be cut : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*끊어지다 : to be cut : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*끊겨지다 (X) : to be cut : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*끊게 하다 : to make/let someone cut something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form)<br />
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:※ 끊다 has another passive-alike form 끊이다. This word is almost only used in negative forms "끊이지 않다 (never be cut/stopped, constantly continuous)" , "끊임(이) 없다 (there is no cutting/stopping, constantly continuous)".<br />
:※ If you are trying to cut a rope with your bare hands (it looks physically impossible), I would say 그게 끊어져요? (Can it be cut?) but I wouldn't say 그게 끊겨요? (Is it cut?). It's the same thing in 먹어지다 and 먹히다 mentioned above. There is a subtle difference between them.<br />
:※ To be precise, there are many more ways to express causative, like -게 만들다, -게끔 하다, -게끔 만들다, -도록 하다, -도록 만들다 (they may have different nuances), but the basic syntactic causative form is -게 하다.<br />
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There are some verbs that even most native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.<br />
*잊다 : to forget<br />
*잊히다 : to be forgotten : (passive -히)<br />
*잊어지다 : to be forgotten : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*잊혀지다 (X) : to be forgotten : (A double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong.)<br />
*잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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Not to be confused with the normal causative+passive forms. (They look like the double passive forms, but they are different.)<br />
*남다 : to remain : (intransitive)<br />
*남기다 (남게 하다) : to make/let something remain, to leave something : (causative -기. Not to be confused with 떠나다 meaning "to depart, to leave")<br />
*남겨지다 : to be left : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*숨다 : to hide : (intransitive)<br />
*숨기다 (숨게 하다) : to make/let something hide, to hide something : (causative -기)<br />
*숨겨지다 : to become hidden by someone : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
:※ 숨어라(숨다 + 어라) and 숨겨라(숨기다 + 어라) are both imperative sentences without an object but they have different meanings. 숨어라 means "Hide (yourself)", whereas 숨겨라 means "Hide it". Even if there is no object, 숨겨라 indicates there must be an object (but it's just omitted), whereas 숨어라 indicates there can't be an object because 숨다 is an intransitive verb. In English, these two verbs are not distinguished so you can't omit the object in "Hide it". In Korean, you don't have to say 그것을 숨겨라(Hide it). Just 숨겨라 is totally fine because we already know there must be an omitted object. If I say "Die!" you can know it means "Die (yourself)" because "die" is an intransitive verb and there can't be an object, but if I say "Kill!", you can know there must be an object but it's just omitted. It's the same thing.<br />
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*알다 : to know (something) : (this verb follows the [[ㄹ irregular verbs|ㄹ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*알리다 (알게 하다) : to make/let someone know (something), to inform, to notify : (causative -리)<br />
*알려지다 : to be informed, to become known : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 닐 암스트롱의 이름이 세상에 알려졌다: Neil Armstrong's name was informed (became known) throughout the world)<br />
:※ In English, "Neil Armstrong was informed" sounds like "something was informed (to Neil Armstrong)", so I used "Neil Armstrong's name" as the subject in order to eliminate the ambiguity. In Korean, "닐 암스트롱이 알려졌다 (Neil Armstrong was informed)" only means "someone informed (us) about Neil Armstrong". The subject "Neil Armstrong" must be the direct object of the active verb "inform".<br />
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:※ I translated "알려졌다" to "was informed (became known)" as the simple past tense. Then how to make it into the present perfect aspect "has been informed (has become known)" in Korean? In many cases, Korean doesn't particularly distinguish the present perfect from the simple past tense, but there are several ways to express it if you want to. The simplest way is using the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. <br><br />
:: 알려져 있다 : (it) currently exists in a state of informed <br><br />
:: 알려진 상태로 있다 : (when we want to emphasize the '''current state''') <br><br />
:: 알려진 채로 있다 : (this is known to be the closest approximation to the literal meaning of the present perfect in English. I don't recommend using this in actual Korean because it sounds a bit unnatural.) <br><br />
: From Korean's perspective, the simple past tense is just fine, because simple past is kind of present perfect as well. The past tense ending [[았/었_%2B_다|-었다/-았다]] is derived from [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] in the first place. For example, 죽었다(died) was originally 죽어 있다(have died). They were originally the same thing but in modern Korean, they are considered different. 죽었다 is technically "present tense + perfect aspect". That's why some Korean linguists still argue that Korean doesn't have a true past tense. If we compare 남았다(remained) with 남아 있다(remaining), the difference between them is so vague, they are almost the same meaning. This example clearly shows that -었다/-았다 is not a genuine past tense. "I am handsome" is "나는 잘생겼다" in Korean. In this sentence, 잘생겼다(잘생기었다) has a past tense ending -었다, it doesn't make any sense. But if you know 잘생겼다 is originally 잘생겨 있다 (exist in a state of being handsome), now it does make sense. It's actually a present tense, not the past tense.<br><br />
: In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, the past tense suffix -었/-았 didn't even exist. -더 was the original past tense suffix. -더 is the real past tense suffix. -더 is still used in -던, -던데, -더라, -더라도, -더니, -더라니, -더라고, etc. The present perfect -어/-아 있다 existed first and then the simple past -었다/-았다 branched out from it and replaced the original past tense -더. In modern Korean, -었다/-았다 is considered the simple past (in a loose sense), but it is still like the present perfect because of its origin.<br />
: '''Conclusion''': In a loose sense, -었다/-았다 is generally considered the simple past tense, but to be more precise, it's often more like the present perfect in English (present tense perfect aspect). In other words, -었다/-았다 has two possible meanings and it depends on the context, it's kind of ambiguous. If you want to clarify it, you should use 알려져 있다 (has become known: his name is still famous) or 알려졌었다 (≈ 알려져 있었다, had become known: his name was once famous but not anymore).<br />
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:※ Note that only '''intransitive verbs''' can be the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. For example, 먹다(to eat something) is a transitive verb (it can have a direct object), so 먹어 있다 and 먹어 있었다 are wrong. Only 먹었다 and 먹었었다 are correct. 남다 is an intransitive verb (it can't have a direct object), so 남아 있다 and 남아 있었다 are possible. 남기다 is a transitive verb (all causative verbs can have a direct object, so they are transitive) so 남겨 있다 and 남겨 있었다 are wrong. 남겨지다 is an intransitive verb (all passive verbs can't have a direct object, so they are intransitive) so 남겨져 있다 and 남겨져 있었다 are correct. (There are some exceptions. Some verbs, such as 찔리다, 빼앗기다, 잡히다1, can have a direct object even though they are passive verbs.)<br />
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Some verbs seldom take the -어/아지다 ending. These exceptional verbs need some special passive forms.<br />
*죽다 : to die<br />
*죽이다 : to make/let someone die , to kill : (causative -이)<br />
*죽여지다 (?) : to be killed (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 죽이다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*죽임을 당하다 : to be killed (by a murderer) : (causative -이 + nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
*죽음을 당하다 : to be killed : (If someone is accidentally killed, you should use this form. Notice the causative suffix -이 has been removed. It means either he was murdered or accidentally killed. Maybe it's hard to tell if someone caused the death on purpose and is responsible for it. For example, he may have been killed by a wild animal, or killed by a natural disaster, or killed by an unavoidable car accident. Or he may have incurred his own death, for example, he may have been legally executed for his crime, or got cancer because of his bad habit.)<br />
*사망(死亡)하다 : to die : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)하다 : to kill : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)당하다 (살해당하다 or 살해를 당하다) : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*피살(被殺)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
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*놀리다 : to tease : (This 놀리다 looks like it's suffixed with -리, but it already is a word. 놀다 has a causative form 놀리다2 but it is a different word.)<br />
*놀려지다 (?) : to be teased (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 놀리다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*놀림을 받다 (놀림받다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다)<br />
*놀림을 당하다 (놀림당하다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
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*가르치다 : to teach<br />
*가르쳐지다 : (for something) to be taught : (The subject is the '''direct object''' of the active verb. For example, "영어가 가르쳐져야 한다: The English language should be taught")<br />
*가르침을 받다 : (for someone) to be taught : (The subject is the '''indirect object''' of the active verb. For example, "학생들이 가르침을 받았다: The students were taught")<br />
:※ Although 가르쳐지다 is correct, Koreans hardly use it. The active voice sentence "영어를 가르쳐야 한다(Should teach English)" is much more common.<br />
:※ An indirect object of a verb generally cannot be the subject of the passive verb, but the verb 가르치다 is an exceptional case. When the direct object 영어를 is omitted, 학생들에게(indirect object) can become 학생들을(direct object), so that it can be the subject of the passive verb.<br />
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묻다 has three meanings and each of them has different conjugational forms.<br />
*묻다1 : to bury<br />
*묻히다1 : to be buried : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*묻어지다 : to be buried : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*묻혀지다1 (X) : to be buried : (passive -히 + passive -어지다, this usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*묻게 하다 : to make/let someone bury something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*묻다2 : to be smeared with : (intransitive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻었다 : My hands were smeared with blood)<br />
*묻게 하다 (?) : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (causative -게 하다. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 묻히다2.)<br />
*묻히다2 : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (This -히 is causative. Note that the previous 묻히다1 is passive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피를 묻혔다 : Smeared my hands with blood)<br />
*묻혀지다2 : passive form of 묻히다2 : (causative -히 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻혀졌다 : My hands were smeared with blood (by someone intentionally))<br />
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*묻다3 : to question : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*물어지다 (?) : to be questioned (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 묻다3, but this is not used. It sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*물음을 받다 : to be questioned : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다) : (This is the correct passive form of 묻다3)<br />
*질문(質問)을 받다 : to be questioned : (This Sino-Korean alternative is more frequently used than 물음을 받다)<br />
*물어보게 하다 : to make/let someone question something : (causative form in -게 하다. Theoretically, it should be 묻게 하다 but this can be misunderstood as the 묻다1 verb.)<br />
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:※ In English, the word "question" could be either a noun or a verb without changing its form, but this kind of flexibility doesn't exist in Korean. It is called "zero derivation" and it inevitably causes grammatical ambiguities, and makes the language resort to word order to figure out whether it is a verb or a noun, that's an analytic language. A noun and a verb can't have the same form in Korean. There is no exception. For example, 사랑 is a noun and its verb form is 사랑하다. 물음 is a noun and its verb form is 묻다.<br />
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Adjectives can also become passive and causative verbs.<br />
*낮다 : be(is) low : (adjective)<br />
*낮아지다 : to become low : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*낮추다 : to make something be low , to lower something : (낮다 + causative -추)<br />
*낮춰지다 : to become lowered by someone : (causative -추 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*높다 : be(is) high : (adjective)<br />
*높아지다 : to become high : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*높이다 : to make something be high , to raise something : (높다 + causative -이)<br />
*높여지다 : to become raised by someone : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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:※ To be precise, -어/-아지다 means "to become" when it is attached to adjectives, so 낮아지다 and 높아지다 shouldn't be called "passive form" but they look exactly like the -어/-아지다 passive form.<br />
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Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.<br />
*자다 : to sleep<br />
*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*재워지다 : passive form of 재우다 : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*차다1 : to fill (intransitive. 차다 has many meanings and their conjugational forms are different by each meaning, as in 묻다 explained above.)<br />
*채우다1 (차게 하다1) : to make something filled, to fill something : (차 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*채워지다1 : to be filled : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*서다 : to stand<br />
*세우다 (서게 하다) : to make/let something stand, to erect something : (서 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*세워지다 : to be erected : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Some verbs have multiple causative forms.<br />
*눕다 : to lie (down) : (intransitive)<br />
*눕게 하다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -게 하다)<br />
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*눕히다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -히)<br />
*눕혀지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -히 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*누이다 (뉘다) : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (눕다 + 이 → [[ㅂ irregular verbs|눕이다 → 누우이다]] → 누이다 → 뉘다)<br />
*누여지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Double causative forms are possible and correct.<br />
*죽이다 (죽게 하다) : to make someone die, to kill<br />
*죽이게 하다 : to make someone kill (causative -이 + causative -게 하다) : (e.g. "Hey John, kill Lisa" → I made John make Lisa die)<br />
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*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make someone sleep<br />
*재우게 하다 : to make someone1 make someone2 sleep : (e.g. "Hey Lisa, put me to sleep" → I made Lisa make me sleep)<br />
:※ I made John make Lisa die = 나는 John이 Lisa를 죽이게 했다<br />
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The [[르 irregular verbs]] follow a special pattern.<br />
*구르다 : to roll (itself)<br />
*굴리다 : to make something roll, to roll something : (causative -리)<br />
*굴려지다 : passive form of 굴리다<br />
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*누르다 : to press<br />
*눌리다 : to be pressed : (passive -리)<br />
*눌러지다 : to be pressed : (passive -어지다)<br />
*눌려지다 (X) : to be pressed : (double passive, this is wrong)<br />
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:※ 굴리다 and 눌리다 have the same pattern, seemingly they are easy. However, 굴리다 is causative, 눌리다 is passive. When the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are attached, there is no specific way to know which one is passive and which one is causative. You have to just memorize them whenever you encounter new words. You have to look up in a dictionary to know if they are passive or causative. If you find this grammar part very confusing, it is normal. I guess you are doing well. Welcome to the most illogical and absurd part of Korean. This part will be the final hurdle on the road to master Korean grammar. I will explain in detail again.<br />
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Some passive verbs don't have their active forms. For example, 고이다 works like a passive verb (passive -이), but its expected active form 고다 or 고으다 is not used. 고다2 that you can find in the Korean dictionary is a homonym, a different word. What's more, the passive form of 고다2 is 고아지다 (고다 + -아지다), not 고이다2. In short,<br />
*고다1 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*고이다1 : to be gathered and form a puddle : (passive -이) : (e.g. 눈물이 고였다 : Tears were gathered and formed a puddle)<br />
*고여지다 (X) : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive.)<br />
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*고다2 : to boil meat or bone for a long time and extract juice from it<br />
*고이다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 고다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.)<br />
*고아지다 : to be boiled : (고다2 + passive -아지다)<br />
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:※ ''form'' and ''gather'' are both ergative verbs. (There are a ton of ergative verbs in English.) Remember, in Korean, you must use passive and forget about ergative.<br />
:: Tears formed in my eyes : (ergative)<br />
:: Tears were formed in my eyes (by my lacrimal glands) : (passive)<br />
:: My lacrimal glands formed tears in my eyes : (active)<br />
:: People gathered : (ergative)<br />
:: People were gathered : (passive)<br />
:: Something gathered people : (active)<br />
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멈추다 and 움직이다 are exceptional verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive(ergative) without changing their forms. They are pretty much like the ergative verbs in English.<br />
*멈다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*멈추다1 : to make something stop, to stop something : (This -추 works like a causative suffix although 멈다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 멈췄다(멈추었다) : I stopped the car)<br />
*멈추다2 : to stop (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 멈췄다(멈추었다) : The car stopped)<br />
*멈춰지다 (멈추어지다) : to be stopped : (causative -추 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 멈춰졌다(멈추어지었다) : The car was stopped)<br />
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*움직다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*움직이다1 : to make something move, to move something : (This -이 works like a causative suffix although 움직다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 움직였다(움직이었다) : I moved the car)<br />
*움직이다2 : to move (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 움직였다(움직이었다) : The car moved)<br />
*움직여지다 (움직이어지다) : to be moved : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 움직여졌다(움직이어지었다) : The car was moved)<br />
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:※ As you can see, 멈추다 and 움직이다 work exactly like the English verbs ''stop'' and ''move'' which are ergative verbs. 차(the car) can be either a subject or an object but the verbs (멈추- and 움직이-) remain the same. You can also use the passive verbs 멈춰지다(멈추어지다) and 움직여지다(움직이어지다), but they are unnecessary in many cases, just like ''be stopped'' and ''be moved'' are in English. These two verbs must be very easy to learn for English speakers.<br />
:※ If 멈추다 and 움직이다 were regular verbs, the intransitive verbs should be 멈다 and 움직다, not 멈추다2 and 움직이다2. That's why they are exceptional cases. (Note: 멈추다2 can be replaced with 멎다, which is the original intransitive verb)<br />
:※ Korean ergative verbs : 멈추다, 움직이다, 그치다, 마치다, 다치다, 뭉치다, 풍기다, 다하다, 상하다, 반짝이다, 내리다, 울리다, 불다, 휘다, 데다, 시작하다, 작동하다, 정지하다 (In many cases, these verbs don't work ergatively, so you should check their specific usages.)<br />
:※ In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, Korean had a lot more ergative verbs. For example, in Middle Korean, 문이 열다(a door opens) was correct, but in modern Korean, you must use the passive verb 열리다 (문이 열리다 : a door gets opened). For hundreds of years, Korean has been ditching its ergative constructions and evolving into a true nominative-accusative language. The evolution is still ongoing. For example, I introduced 마치다 as an ergative verb, but its ergative usage is nearly obsolete now. It's safe to assume 마치다 is just a regular verb. (Technically, 일을 마치다 and 일이 마치다 both are correct, but the ergative sentence 일이 마치다 is nearly obsolete and some may even consider it unnatural. In the near future, only 일이 마쳐지다(passive -어지다) will be considered correct.) 시작하다 is also an ergative verb and its ergative usage is nearly obsolete. At the beginning of this page, I explained that only "게임이 시작됐다(시작되었다)" is correct, but technically "게임이 시작했다(시작하였다)" is also correct (no one would speak like that nowadays).<br />
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Verbs that end with -나다, such as 끝나다, 빛나다, are often explained as passive verbs, but they're not that easy to explain and can be controversial. You can simply treat them as intransitive verbs. All -나다 verbs are intransitive, and when the causative suffix -이 is attached, they become transitive -내다. [나다 + causative -이 → 나이다 → 내다] <br />
*끝나다 : to end (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 시험이 끝났다 : The exam ended)<br />
*끝내다 (끝나게 하다) : to make something end, to end something, to finish something : (e.g. 시험을 끝냈다 : (I) finished the exam)<br />
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*고장 나다 : to break (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 : My computer broke down)<br />
*고장 내다 (고장 나게 하다) : to make something break, to break something : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터를 고장 냈다 : (I) broke my computer)<br />
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*빛나다 : to shine (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*빛내다 (빛나게 하다) : to make something shine<br />
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*드러나다 : to be revealed : (This is supposed to be an intransitive verb but I translated to a passive verb because the English verb ''reveal'' doesn't work as an intransitive verb. There is no object anyway.)<br />
*드러내다 (드러나게 하다) : to reveal something<br />
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*나타나다 : to show up (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*나타내다 (나타나게 하다) : to make something show up, to represent something<br />
:※ For some reason, 고장나다 and 고장내다 have not become words in the standard Korean dictionary, so technically we are supposed to put a space like 고장(이) 나다 and 고장(을) 내다, but most Koreans are not bothered about it. This is not important so don't mind it.<br />
:※ Double causative forms like "끝내게 하다, 빛내게 하다" are also possible. I have already explained about the double causative forms.<br />
:※ Many -나다 verbs, such as 기억나다, 깨어나다, don't have -내다 form. (기억내다, 깨어내다 are wrong. You must use the alternative causative form 기억나게 하다, 깨어나게 하다.)<br />
:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.<br />
:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)<br />
:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)<br />
:: 화내다 : to openly vent one's anger : (In this case, 화내다 is not a causative form of 화나다.)<br />
:: 화내게 하다 : to make someone openly vent his anger : (causative -게 하다. This is not a double causative form.)<br />
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When verbs have a -하다 (to do) ending, the conjugations are different from the rules above. Most Hanja words (Chinese loanwords) belong to this part.<br />
When 하다 verbs have a monosyllabic stem, they tend to take the -어/-아지다 ending. <br><br />
Note that the 하다 verb itself is irregular. <br><br />
[하다 + -어/-아지다 → 하여지다 → 해지다]<br />
*칠하다 : to paint<br />
*칠해지다 (칠하여지다) : to be painted<br />
*정하다 : to decide<br />
*정해지다 (정하여지다) : to be decided<br />
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Note that there are many exceptions, this is not an established principle. For example, 변하다 (to change) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so it can't take the passive ending -어/-아지다. If you use 변해지다 which is wrong, Koreans will instantly notice that you are not a native speaker. The native Korean counterpart to "to change", 바꾸다, has a normal passive form 바뀌다(바꾸이다). In short,<br />
*변하다 : to change (itself) : (intransitive)<br />
*바꾸다 : to change (something) : (active)<br />
*바뀌다 : to be changed : (passive)<br />
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바뀌다 and 변하다 are kind of interchangeable. For example,<br />
*내 마음이 바뀌었다(My mind was changed) ≈ 내 마음이 변했다(My mind changed) : 내 마음(my mind) is the subject of the sentence<br />
바꾸다(active) can't be replaced with 변하다.<br />
*[I] Changed my mind = 내 마음을 바꾸었다(바꿨다) : 내 마음(my mind) is the object of the sentence<br />
:※ If you want the stem 변 to be transitive, you must use other correct transitive verbs such as 변경하다, 변화시키다.<br />
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When 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they don't add the -어/-아지다 ending. Instead, the 하다 ending changes to 되다 or 받다 or 당하다. (You should memorize which one to use for individual verbs. Some verbs can take two out of the three.)<br />
*결정하다 : to decide<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided (Note: 결정하다 is a synonym of 정하다 above, the only difference is the prefix 결, but they follow different rules.)<br />
*사랑하다 : to love<br />
*사랑받다 (사랑을 받다) : to be loved (받다 means "to receive")<br />
*구타하다 : to beat up<br />
*구타당하다 (구타를 당하다) : to be beaten up (당하다 means "to undergo/suffer")<br />
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Note that Korean adjectives can have -하다 ending too, but the 하다 in adjectives is a different thing and doesn't mean "to do". The conjugation are also different. They take the -어/-아지다 and the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] endings like verbs, but the 시키다 causative form is not used. This poses another difficulty because 하다 verbs and adjectives look the same, so you can't determine if they are verbs or adjectives unless you look up in a dictionary. You should first figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, then you can apply correct conjugation rules.<br />
*깨끗하다 : be(is) clean : (adjective)<br />
*깨끗해지다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 되다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 하다 : to make/let something be(is) clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*깨끗해지게 하다 : to make/let something become clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
:※ Note: For 하다 adjectives, whether the stem is monosyllabic or polysyllabic doesn't matter. It is always "하다 → 해지다" and "하다 → 하게 되다". (It only matters to 하다 verbs)<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs, such as 좋아하다, 싫어하다, don't have any passive form.<br />
*좋아하다 (좋다 + -아하다) : to like : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*싫어하다 (싫다 + -어하다) : to dislike : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*무서워하다 (무섭다 + -어하다) : to fear : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
:※ 무섭다(to be scary) follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
:※ You've just been taught that the passive form of 하다 is 해지다(하여지다) or 되다/받다/당하다. You might expect the passive form of 좋아하다 would be 좋아해지다 or 좋아되다/좋아받다/좋아당하다. None of these are correct.<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs have possible passive forms.<br />
*귀여워하다 (귀엽다 + -어하다) : to adore<br />
*귀여움받다 (귀여움을 받다) : to be adored<br />
*미워하다 (밉다 + -어하다) : to hate<br />
*미움받다 (미움을 받다) : to be hated<br />
:※ 귀엽다(to be cute) and 밉다(to be detestable) follow the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
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The causative form of 하다 is 시키다.<br />
*실행하다 : to carry out<br />
*실행시키다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
*실행하게 하다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
:※ Note: Only when 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they can take -시키다. For example, 변하다 is a verb but the stem 변 is monosyllabic, so 변시키다 is wrong, you must use 변하게 하다. 깨끗하다 is an adjective, so 깨끗시키다 is wrong.<br />
:※ Note: Many 하다 verbs with a polysyllabic stem don't take -시키다. For example, 사랑하다 is a verb and the stem 사랑 is polysyllabic, (it meets all the conditions to take -시키다) but 사랑시키다 is not used. -하게 하다 can be applied universally.<br />
:※ "I ran Photoshop on my computer" Does this sentence really make sense? From Korean's perspective, I think this sentence is a little bit weird. (I mean it's mostly fine and still fully comprehensible but there is a more decent way to describe it.) You are a human so you can't run the Photoshop program designed for computer machines. The agent that runs Photoshop is your computer, not yourself. All you are doing is just making your computer run Photoshop. (포토샵을 실행시켰다 : (I) made (my computer) run Photoshop - ''or'' - (I) made Photoshop run (itself on my computer)) (There are two possible translations. The direct object of 시키다 is kind of ambiguous.)<br />
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Note that (하)게 하다 and (하)게 되다 are different. (하)게 하다 is a causative form for verbs and adjectives, (하)게 되다 is like "to become" for adjectives. When verbs take (하)게 되다, the meaning is slightly different. It's like "end up doing / get to do".<br />
*결정하다 : to decide : (verb)<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided : (verb)<br />
*결정하게 하다 : to make/let someone decide something : (-게 하다 causative. The 시키다 causative form is not used for this verb)<br />
*결정되게 하다 : to make/let something be decided : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*결정하게 되다 : to end up deciding something , to get to decide something<br />
*결정되게 되다 : to end up being decided : (Same with other non-되다 passive verbs. For example, [정해지게 되다 : to end up being decided] , [구타당하게 되다 : to end up being beaten up] , [먹히게 되다 : to end up being eaten])<br />
*결정해지다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 결정하다 is a verb and the stem 결정 is polysyllabic.)<br />
*익숙하다 : be(is) accustomed : (adjective)<br />
*익숙하게 되다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지게 하다 : to make/let someone become accustomed : (verb, -게 하다 causative)<br />
*익숙되다, 익숙받다, 익숙당하다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 익숙하다 is an adjective.)<br />
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In short, the conjugations for the passive and the causative forms vary with individual verbs, but there are some patterns. (Most passive verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기 or -어/-아지다 or -되다/-받다/-당하다. Most causative verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기, -우 ,-구, -추 or -게 하다 or -시키다). The three suffixes -우, -구, -추 are unconditionally causative, so they are no problem, but the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are particularly tricky as they could be either passive or causative (or sometimes both). Let's see possible scenarios.<br />
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:⑴ When adjectives are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (넓다(to be wide) is an adjective so you can expect 넓히다(to widen something) is causative.) <br><br />
:⑵ When intransitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (얼다(to freeze) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so you can expect 얼리다(to freeze something) is causative) <br><br />
:⑶ When transitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, you need a Korean dictionary to figure them out. <br><br />
:: ① Case one : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only passive (잊히다, 끊기다, 믿기다, 밀리다, 모이다, 쌓이다, etc) <br><br />
:: ② Case two : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only causative (알리다, 넘기다, 맞히다, 입히다, 맡기다, 신기다, etc) <br><br />
:: ③ Case three : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in the same form (보이다, 들리다, 업히다, 뜯기다, 읽히다, 털리다, etc) <br><br />
:: ④ Case four : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in different forms (먹히다-먹이다) <br><br />
:: ⑤ Case five : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative depending on the meaning of the stem (묻히다1 is only passive, but 묻히다2 is only causative. 불리다, 물리다, 들리다, etc can be many different meanings.) (묻다2 is intransitive, by the way) <br><br />
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If you come across those words that you don't know, you can't really determine whether they are passive or causative unless you look up in a Korean dictionary, because the meaning of those four suffixes in individual verbs is arbitrary. (If you come across a "-ed" suffixed English word that you don't know, you can soon figure out that it is a past tense suffix for a verb, but you can't determine the function of the four Korean suffixes without a Korean dictionary) Besides, when they have the -하다 ending, you have to figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, because verbs and adjectives follow different rules despite looking exactly the same things. That's why many Korean materials for foreigners skip over this grammar part. They (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) often say "Passive verbs are not much used in Korean" or "Passive verbs are not as common as the passive voice in English". The first argument is wrong. Passive verbs are very common in Korean in fact. The second argument might be true in many cases, but I'm dubious about whether it's concluded from any valid statistics. As previously shown, many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean, but it is often ignored. It seems like many Koreans aren't even aware that they are actually speaking in the passive form. I have never seen someone explain 믿기지 않다 or 믿어지지 않다 or 믿겨지지 않다 as the passive form. Most people just explain it as "can't believe". That's how you end up thinking the passive form is not common in Korean without understanding the underlying grammar structure. Depending on the situation, the passive form in Korean could be even more common than the passive voice in English.<br />
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There is another problem. Currently, all Korean-English dictionaries are designed for Koreans trying to learn English, not for foreigners trying to learn Korean. Even the Korean-English Learners' dictionary operated by the Korean government is not so friendly to English speakers. 맺히다 is a passive form of 맺다, but in any Korean-English dictionary, there is no such information about it being a passive form, and the definition doesn't even look like a passive verb, because English speakers seldom use the passive voice for this verb. If you find 팔리다 in the dictionary, the definition is either "sell" or "be sold" so English speakers may misunderstand 팔리다 has both meanings, but it is in fact the English word "sell" that has both meanings 팔다(to sell) and 팔리다(to be sold). I have already explained about 팔리다 at the beginning of this page. 열다 and 열리다 are even the same meaning "open" according to the dictionary. Therefore, you should find these words in a Korean-Korean dictionary, specifically, the standard Korean dictionary (표준국어대사전). 피동사 means passive verb, 사동사 means causative verb so you can finally be 100% sure about them. If you can understand Japanese or Chinese, you can use Korean-Japanese or Korean-Chinese dictionaries, in which 맺히다 is correctly explained as a passive verb of 맺다. Somehow Korean dictionaries are much more friendly to Japanese and Chinese speakers.<br />
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In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.<br />
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This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br><br />
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※ Further explanation about the passive form and the attributive form. <br><br />
In English, somehow the past participles are used for the passive voice, so English speakers naturally relate the completely different two concepts. In Korean, however, past tense has nothing to do with the passive form. They are morphologically completely different. Besides, English verbs don't have any attributive conjugational form. The verb conjugations are much simpler in English so it is causing misunderstandings or difficulties of Korean for English speakers. Think about this phrase "a pretty girl". English speakers never say "a pretty-ed girl" or "a pretty-will girl" so it is basically impossible to naturally convey connotations of Korean. I hope the following over specific translations can convey this Korean part. <br><br />
A passive verb, for example, 먹히다 (to be eaten) is the infinitive form (the basic verb form used in the dictionary), it doesn't even have any tense (it is not present tense. it literally has no tense whatsoever), so you should conjugate it in actual Korean. Let's make it into the attributive form with past tense.<br />
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* 먹힌 닭 : a chicken that was eaten , a chicken that has been eaten (an eaten chicken)<br />
먹힌 alone implies three additional connotations along with the basic meaning "to eat". -히 stands for the passive form, -ㄴ/은 stands for past tense and the attributive form combined. If the verb stem has an ending consonant (e.g., 먹 in 먹다), -은 is used instead (먹다→먹은 as opposed to 먹히다→먹힌). Let's change it into present tense.<br />
* 먹히는 닭 : a chicken that is eaten (a chicken that is being eaten. Similar to 먹히고 있는 닭)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -는 stands for present tense and the attributive form combined. It looks exactly like 먹히 is a noun and -는 is the topic marker. It may be greatly confusing for beginners. It is what learners have to overcome. Let's change it into future tense.<br />
* 먹힐 닭 : a chicken that will be eaten , a chicken that is going to be eaten (English doesn't have a grammatical future tense but Korean does.)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -ㄹ/을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. Let's change it into past-future tense.<br />
* 먹혔을 닭 : a chicken that would have been eaten (먹 + 히 + 었 + 을 → 먹혔을)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -었 stands for past tense, -을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. See more variations.<br />
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* 먹히던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten (-던 implies the speaker is thinking about the past retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔던 닭 : a chicken that was eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔었던 닭 : a chicken that had been eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭 and 먹혔던 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹히고 있는 닭 : a chicken that is being eaten (Similar to 먹히는 닭 but emphasizing the action is being done now)<br />
* 먹히고 있던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있을 닭 : a chicken that will be being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었을 닭 : a chicken that would have been being eaten (This one is hard to translate. You should change the "have been" part to "was". Imagine "would" and "was being eaten" are combined)<br />
* 먹히게 되는 닭 : a chicken that ends up being eaten (I've already explained about the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] grammar)<br />
* 먹히게 될 닭 : a chicken that will end up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 된 닭 : a chicken that (just) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었던 닭 : a chicken that (had) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었었던 닭 : a chicken that had ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었을 닭 : a chicken that would have ended up being eaten<br />
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Be careful it is slightly different for adjectives.<br />
* 예쁘다 : to be pretty (adjective)<br />
* 예쁜 닭 : a chicken that is pretty (a pretty chicken) : (Unlike verbs, -ㄴ/은 stands for present tense. It may be confusing)<br />
* 예뻤던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (This alternative past tense form is applied to adjectives, which is the same with that of verbs)<br />
* 예쁘던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (Implies the chicken used to be pretty, retrospectively)<br />
* 예뻤었던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty before (a chicken that had been pretty before)<br />
* 예쁘는 닭 (X) : (If 예쁘다 was a verb, -는 stands for present tense, but it is an adjective so -는 is completely wrong)<br />
* 예쁠 닭 : a chicken that will be pretty : (The future tense follows the same pattern for verbs. In this case, 예뻐질 닭 (a chicken that will become pretty) would be more natural.)<br />
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In short, -ㄴ/은 is past tense for verbs, but present tense for adjectives. -는 is present tense for verbs, but wrong for adjectives. <br />
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I have said that Korean verbs must be conjugated in a sentence, but there is a trap. Take a look at this sentence.<br />
* 먹히다 간신히 탈출했다.<br />
In this sentence, 먹히다 looks exactly like the unconjugated infinitive form, but it isn't in fact. That 먹히다 is contracted from 먹히다가 (먹히다 + -다가) meaning "while being eaten"<br />
* 먹히다가 간신히 탈출했다. : (Someone) Barely escaped while being eaten. (He was being eaten alive, but barely escaped.)<br />
If you ever come across a verb in a sentence that looks like an unconjugated form, it is the -다가(while) form. It is just contracted to -다(while). <br><br />
Korean has two different suffixes for the meaning "while". In fact, "-(으)면서" is more similar to the meaning of the English "while". Google it if you want to know about the difference between -다가 and -(으)면서.<br> -다가 becomes -다 when contracted, -(으)면서 becomes -(으)며 when contracted.<br />
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There is another case. In headlines or titles of some articles, the unconjugated verb form can be used.<br />
* 관광객, 상어에게 잡아먹히다! : Tourist, eaten by shark! (this is supposed to be a headline of news)<br />
In this case, that 먹히다 is the unconjugated form. So, this headline has no tense. (먹힌다 for present tense, 먹혔다 for past tense)<br />
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※ -이다 vs. -하다 <br><br />
Let's assume your parents named you as "Lovely" when you were born. How would you introduce yourself when you meet someone?<br />
* Hello, I am Lovely. (sounds so narcissistic)<br />
* Hello, my name is Lovely. (boasting of your name?)<br />
It is a very embarrassing situation, isn't it? If you remember this specific situation, you will never be confused about -이다 and -하다. The fundamental problem is that you can't specify the grammatical role of "lovely". Your name is supposed to be a noun but it sounds like an adjective due to the same pronunciation. Languages around the world have various solutions to avoid this kind of problem. English has solved this kind of problem with extensive use of articles. If you put an article like a/an/the, you can make clear that "Lovely" is a noun. However, In this specific situation, unfortunately you can't put any article. I wanted to show what happens when you can't use articles in English. Now you would understand why English speakers are obsessed with correct use of grammatical articles. <br><br />
Korean has a different solution without using articles.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely야. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : (-야 explicitly indicates that "Lovely" is a noun. -야 is conjugated from -이다. -입니다, -예요/-이에요 are also possible)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely해. (Hello, I am lovely.) : (-해 explicitly indicates that "lovely" is an adjective. -해 is conjugated from -하다. -합니다, -해요 are also possible)<br />
As you can see, the grammar has eliminated the ambiguity, so there is no such an embarrassing situation in Korean. Instead, there is another problem in Korean. I've already said that there are two different kinds of 하다s in Korean; 하다 for verbs and 하다 for adjectives. Here they go again. In the example above, -해 could be either a verb or an adjective. In many speech styles, the grammar is simplified and the same spelling is used for both of them. Let's make it more clear by using a different speech style.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely이다. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : ("Lovely" is a noun. -이다 can be shortened to -다 when the noun doesn't have an ending consonant.)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely하다. (Hello, I am lovely.) : ("lovely" is an adjective)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely한다. (Hello, I do the thing "Lovely".) : ("Lovely" is a verb. It can be anything you can do. For example, it could be a name of a video game.)<br />
All the examples are present tense. (-이다 the copula for nouns, and adjectives, don't add -ㄴ/는 for present tense in this speech style. Only verbs do.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+이 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in ㅎ or a vowel)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 놓다 (to lay, to put, to build)<br />
| 놓이다 (to be on, to be placed, to be built)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 (I put dishes on the table).<br />
*Passive: 식탁에 그릇들이 놓였다 (Dishes were put on the table).<br />
|-<br />
| 바꾸다 (to change)<br />
| 바뀌다 (to be changed)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 결정을 바꾸었다 (I changed the decision).<br />
*Passive: 결정이 바뀌었다 (The decision was changed).<br />
|-<br />
| 보다 (to see)<br />
| 보이다 (to be seen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 나는 그 외계인을 보았다 (I saw the alien).<br />
*Passive: 그 외계인이 보였다. (The alien was seen (to me)).<br />
|-<br />
| 쓰다 (to use, to write)<br />
| 쓰이다 (to be used, to be written)<br />
| <br />
*Active:그 책은 내 친구가 썼다 (My friend wrote that book).<br />
*Passive:그 책은 내 친구에 의해 쓰였다 (That book was written by my friend).<br />
|-<br />
| 쌓다 (to pile up, to stack)<br />
| 쌓이다 (to be piled up, to be stacked up)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 상자를 쌓았다 (I stacked boxes up).<br />
*Passive: 상자가 쌓였다 (Boxes were stacked up).<br />
|-<br />
| 차다 - to dump someone<br />
| 차이다 - to be dumped<br />
|<br />
*Active: 내가 여자친구를 찼다 (I dumped my girlfriend).<br />
*Passive: 내 여자친구가 나에게 차였다 (My girlfriend was dumped by me).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+히 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in a ㅂ,ㅈ,ㄷ or ㄱ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 꽂다 (to put in, to stick in)<br />
| 꽂히다 (to be stuck in)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 꽃을 꽃병에 꽂았다 (I put flowers in a vase).<br />
*Passive: 꽃이 꽃병에 꽂혔다 (Flowers were put in a vase).<br />
|-<br />
| 닫다 (to close, to shut)<br />
| 닫히다 (to be closed, to be shut)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 문을 닫았다 (I closed the door).<br />
*Passive: 문이 닫혔다 (The door was closed).<br />
|-<br />
| 읽다 (to read)<br />
| 읽히다 (to be read)<br />
| <br />
*Active:책을 읽었다 (I read a book).<br />
*Passive: 책이 읽혔다 (The book was read by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 막다 (to block, to clog)<br />
| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).<br />
*Passive: 입구가 막혔다 (The entrance was blocked).<br />
|-<br />
| 먹다 (to eat)<br />
| 먹히다 (to be eaten)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 빵을 먹는다 (I eat bread).<br />
*Passive: 빵이 먹혔다 (The bread was eaten). <br />
|-<br />
| 묻다 (to bury)<br />
| 묻히다 (to be buried)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 땅에 관을 묻었다 (I buried the coffin under the ground).<br />
*Passive: 땅에 관이 묻혔다 (The coffin was buried under the ground).<br />
|-<br />
| 뽑다 (to pluck, to pull off)<br />
| 뽑히다 (to be plucked, to be pulled off)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 잡초를 뽑는다 (I pluck the weeds out). <br />
*Passive: 잡초가 뽑혔다 (The weeds were plucked out).<br />
|-<br />
| 잡다 (to catch)<br />
| 잡히다 (to be caught)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 경찰이 범죄자를 잡았다 (the police caught the criminal).<br />
*Passive: 범죄자가 경찰에게 잡혔다 (the criminal was caught by the police).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+리 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category are irregular ㄷ verbs or end with ㄹ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 걸다 (to hang)<br />
| 걸리다 (to be hung)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 그림을 벽에 걸었다 (I hung a picture on the wall).<br />
*Passive: 그림이 벽에 걸렸다 (The picture was hung on the wall).<br />
|-<br />
| 듣다 (to hear)<br />
| 들리다 (to be heard)<br />
| <br />
*Active:노래를 들었다 (I heard the song).<br />
*Passive: 노래가 들렸다 (The song was heard).<br />
|-<br />
| 물다 (to bite)<br />
| 물리다 (to be bitten)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 개가 나를 물었다 (the dog bit me).<br />
*Passive: 나는 개한테 물렸다 (I was bitten by the dog).<br />
|-<br />
| 열다 (to open)<br />
| 열리다 (to be open)<br />
| <br />
*Active:창문을 열었다 (I open the window).<br />
*Passive: 창문이 열렸다 (The window was open).<br />
|-<br />
| 팔다 (to sell)<br />
| 팔리다 (to be sold)<br />
| <br />
*Active:나는 장난감을 판다 (I sell the toys).<br />
*Passive: 장난감이 팔렸다 (The toys were sold).<br />
|-<br />
| 풀다 (to untie, to solve)<br />
| 풀리다 (to get untied, to be solved )<br />
| <br />
*Active:문제를 풀었다 (I solve the problem).<br />
*Passive: 문제가 풀렸다 (The problem was solved).<br />
|-<br />
| 자르다 (to cut)<br />
| 잘리다 (to be cut)<br />
|<br />
*Active:종이를 잘랐다 (I cut the paper).<br />
*Passive: 종이가 잘렸다 (The paper was cut).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+기 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end with ㄴ (ㄶ), ㅅ and ㅁ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 끊다 (to cut off, to sever)<br />
| 끊기다 (to be cut off, to be severed)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 줄을 끊었다 (I cut the rope). <br />
*Passive: 줄이 끊겼다 (The rope was cut).<br />
|-<br />
| 빼앗다 (to take, to steal)<br />
| 빼앗기다 (to be taken, to be stolen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 돈을 빼앗았다 (I stole someone's money).<br />
*Passive: 돈을 빼앗겼다 (My money was stolen by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 안다 (to hold, to embrace)<br />
| 안기다 (to be held, to be embraced)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 아기를 품에 안았다 (I held baby in my arms).<br />
*Passive: 아기가 품에 안겼다 (The baby is in my arms).<br />
|-<br />
| 쫓다 (to chase)<br />
| 쫓기다 (to be chased)<br />
| <br />
*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A police officer is chasing a thief).<br />
*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A thief is being chased by a police officer).<br />
|-<br />
| 잠그다 (to lock)<br />
| 잠기다 (to be locked)<br />
| <br />
*Active:문을 잠갔다(잠그었다) (I locked the door). ☞ 잠그었다 is commonly contracted to 잠궜다 but this is grammatically incorrect. 잠그다 follows the [[으 irregular verbs|으 irregular conjugation rule]] so the correct contracted form is 잠갔다. (잠그었다 → [[Vowel harmony|잠ㄱ었다 → 잠ㄱ았다]] → 잠갔다)<br />
*Passive: 문이 잠겼다(잠기었다) (The door was locked). ☞ Strictly speaking, 잠기다 is actually a 이 passive verb. (잠그다 + 이 → 잠그이다 → 잠ㄱ이다 → 잠기다).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Causative form]]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-21-passive-voice-part-1/ TTMIK - Lesson 21 (Passive voice - part 1)]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-23-passive-voice-part-2/ TTMIK - Lesson 23 (Passive voice - part 2)]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formsPassive forms2023-06-10T22:04:55Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* See also */ - added external links</p>
<hr />
<div> If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs, <br />
look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and click on ''meanings'' (뜻풀이) or just [https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?range=meaning&query=%ED%94%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC click here].<br />
There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전). <br />
<br />
The passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Passive voice emphasizes the process rather than who is performing the action. In Korean this form is called 피동. There are few patterns to help distinguish between active and passive voices in Korean verbs. This makes this more difficult to learn than a regular Korean grammar rule.<br />
<br />
Passive verbs still work as action verbs but now the object (that usually takes 을 or 를) has become the subject of the sentence (takes the particles: 이 or 가).<br />
*길'''을''' 막아요. [Traffic] blocks the road.<br />
*길'''이''' 막혀요. The road is blocked [by traffic]. (막히다 is much more common in this scenario)<br />
<br />
Many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean. (Only using the passive form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*It looks fine. ☞ 괜찮아 '''보여요'''. [It] '''is seen''' to be fine.<br />
*It sounds like English. ☞ 영어처럼 '''들려요'''. [It] '''is heard''' like English.<br />
*I can't see the blackboard well. ☞ 칠판이 잘 안 '''보여요'''. The blackboard '''is''' not '''seen''' well (by me).<br />
*Can you hear my voice? ☞ 내 목소리 '''들리냐'''? '''Is''' my voice '''heard''' (by you)?<br />
*The game has begun. ☞ 게임이 '''시작되었다'''. The game has '''been begun'''. (A game can't begin something because it has no ability to decide. There must be a human who had decided to begin the game. The "game" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This book is selling very well. ☞ 이 책은 아주 잘 '''팔리고 있다'''. This book '''is being sold''' very well. (A book can't sell something because it's not a human. The "book" is passive, not active.)<br />
*The door is opening. ☞ 문이 '''열리고 있다'''. The door '''is being opened'''. (A door can't open something because it has no ability to decide. If a door is opening, there must be something else affecting the door such as wind, dogs, installed automatic mechanisms, etc. Even if it's a haunted door, it should be opened by a ghost inside it, not by the door itself. The "door" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This door locks automatically. ☞ 이 문은 자동으로 '''잠긴다'''. As for this door, (it) '''is locked''' automatically. (This door '''becomes locked''' automatically.)<br />
*This fruit peels easily. ☞ 이 과일은 껍질이 잘 '''벗겨진다'''. As for this fruit, the skin '''is peeled off''' easily.<br />
*This hospital is filling up. ☞ 이 병원이 '''채워지고 있다'''. This hospital '''is being filled up'''. (with new patients)<br />
*This battery is charging. ☞ 이 배터리가 '''충전되고 있다'''. This battery '''is being charged'''. (by me, or by the battery charger)<br />
*My body is shaking. ☞ 내 몸이 '''떨린다'''. My body '''is''' (being) '''shaken'''. (by my nervous system) (= My nervous system is shaking my body.)<br />
*The law of gravity applies to all objects. ☞ 중력의 법칙은 모든 물체에 '''적용된다'''. The law of gravity '''is applied''' to all objects. (We apply the law = The law is applied by us)<br />
*It feels like I am your teacher. ☞ 내가 마치 네 선생님인 것처럼 '''느껴진다'''. [It] '''is felt''' like I am your teacher. ("It" is a dummy subject. A dummy subject can't feel something because it is not a living being. "It" must have been felt by someone. English speakers might be used to these expressions, but this kind of nonsense has no place in Korean. It feels, a book sells, a game begins, a door opens, a door closes, it looks, etc.)<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ In most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment nominative-accusative] languages, sentences like "The smoke feels acrid", "The soup is cooking now" don't make sense. (The correct sense is "The smoke is felt acridly = I feel the smoke acridly", "The soup is being cooked now = I am cooking the soup now") If "'''This book sells well'''" is correct, "'''This pizza eats well'''" should also be correct, because they have exactly the same structure. Do you really think they are equally correct? Some grammarians try to explain it as "middle voice", but English has no verb form for the middle voice, how can you tell it apart from the active voice? If I say "'''This chicken eats well'''", is the chicken dead or alive? Think about "'''This book sells well'''" again. Is the book dead or alive? <br><br />
:In many European languages, there are special rules when transitive verbs become intransitive. For example, in German, "'''This book sells well'''" doesn't make sense because there is no reflexive pronoun. In German, the sentence should be like "'''This book sells itself good'''". Without the reflexive pronoun "itself"("sich" in German), it sounds like the book is a living being that can sell something. That's the normal sense of nominative-accusative languages. In Russian, they conjugate the verb, the sentence should be like "'''This book well sellsся'''". (the suffix -ся indicates the verb is intransitive). In English, neither of those rules exists, it's just arbitrary. According to Wikipedia, English also is a nominative-accusative language, but it's an aberrant one because this kind of nonsense is considered acceptable. In other words, English often behaves like an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment ergative-absolutive] language. Korean is a typical nominative-accusative language, but English is a bizarre one randomly behaving like an ergative-absolutive language. Most English speakers have never heard of the terminology "ergative" and aren't even aware that they are arbitrarily switching objects into subjects, so you should be aware of it and learn the typical sense of a nominative-accusative language. This is a problem of the English language itself so you shouldn't blame Korean. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_verb ergative verb] for more information.<br />
<br />
:※ Korean also has a small number of ergative verbs. I will explain about these exceptions again.<br />
<br />
:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님 : I your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님이다 : I am your teacher. <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 : (NOUN) that I am your teacher ("-인" is the attributive form of "-이다" meaning "be, am, are, is". "-이다" and "-인" both are present tense.) <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것 : the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 : like the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 느껴진다 : (It) is felt like the thing that I am your teacher. (느껴진다 (is felt) is present tense) <br> <br />
::마치 means "as if". You can put 마치 anywhere in the sentence or just omit it. Word order is not that important in Korean in the first place. You can also declare a topic with 나는(난) anywhere in the sentence. English speakers usually place much value on word order and try to focus on word order of Korean, because English is an analytic language in which word order is very important for understanding the meaning. Korean is not an analytic language, so you should change your method of approach. You should focus on how various suffixes are attached at the end of each word to assign their grammatical roles in a sentence, rather than word order. If you are not familiar with word order in Korean, you can practise in any word order you want. You can refine it later when you are more experienced. Even if you change word order as you want, Koreans will have no problem understanding your Korean though it might sound a bit unusual or eccentric. I am demonstrating this to show word order is actually kind of irrelevant in Korean. Destroy your stereotype given by your native language, and don't be afraid of being different about word order. <br><br />
<br />
::나는 느껴진다 마치 내가 네 선생님인 것처럼. (Note: I feel it = It is felt by me) <br><br />
::나는(As for me) 느껴진다(it is felt) 마치(as if) 내가(I) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher am that) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
::The "-인" in "선생님인" is an attributive form as already explained, which means it has to be followed by a noun (in this case, 것). So, the word order "선생님인 것처럼" is typically fixed and can't be changed (unless you are making an inversion of word order for some kind of literary expression). They are kind of bound by the suffix "-인". <br><br />
<br />
::This is another possible translation. (Note: I feel myself(me) = I am felt by me)<br />
::나는(As for me) 내가(I) 느껴진다(am felt) 마치(as if) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher being) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
<br />
<br />
Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)<br />
*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.) <br />
*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.<br />
<br />
Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)<br />
*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.<br />
*I was told that you were my son. (If I have to translate "be told", it would be 말해지다 or 이야기되다 but these expressions are unnatural in Korean) ☞ 네가 내 아들이라고 들었다. ([I] heard that you were my son.)<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ Think about this sentence "He gave me a book." In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object (accusative case, -을/-를), and "me" is the indirect object (dative case, -에게). If you change word order (He gave a book me), it is wrong that's why English is an analytic language. Unlike English, Korean uses specific suffixes (-을/-를 vs. -에게) to distinguish between them, so word order doesn't matter. In English, both of them ("a book" and "me") can be the subject of the passive voice ('''a book''' was given to me , '''I''' was given a book), but in Korean, only the direct object "a book" can be the subject of the passive verb. In Korean, the indirect object is not even called "object", it's the dative case that is completely different. <br><br />
:"I was given" has two possible meanings, it's an ambiguous expression. It can be either "someone gave something to me" or "someone gave me to another person (I am like a human slave that can be gifted to others)". In Korean, "I was given (내가 주어졌다)" only means the second translation (I am a slave), because the subject "I" must be the direct object of the active verb "give". This kind of grammatical ambiguity doesn't exist in Korean, and it applies to all other Korean verbs. "I was told" only means "someone told about me (to another person)" so "I was told (a story)" doesn't make sense in Korean. It has to be "a story was told (to me)" in the passive voice (if I have to make a passive voice English sentence that can be literally translated into Korean).<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::네가 내 아들 : you my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다 : You are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다라고 : (VERB) that "You are my son" <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son (If "아들" doesn't have an ending consonant, -이라고 becomes -라고. For example, 친구 + (이)라고 → 친구라고)<br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣다 : to hear that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣는다 : Hear(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣겠다 : Would hear that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었다 : Heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었겠다 : Would have heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하다 : to say that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 한다 : Say(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 : (NOUN) that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기 : a story that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기를 들었다 : Heard a story that says that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라는 얘기를 들었다 (Contracted from the previous sentence, same meaning) <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 (The above sentence can be even further contracted, that is similar to the actual colloquial language. See the shrinking process "아들이라고 하는" → "아들이라는" → "아들이란", and "이야기를" → "얘기를" → "얘길". This kind of process happens all the time in Korean, and it is key to understanding the actual spoken language.) <br><br />
::If you want to clarify the subject who heard the story, declare a topic with 나는(난). <br><br />
::난 네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 : As for me, (I) heard a story that says that you are my son. (This final sentence looks simple, but it has quite a complex structure, especially in the "아들이란" part.)<br />
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This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it due to its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.<br />
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OK, let's begin with easy forms. When verbs add -어지다, they become passive. When verbs add -게 하다, they become causative.<br />
*만들다 : to make (something)<br />
*만들어지다 : to be made : (만들 + 어지다)<br />
*만들게 하다 : to make/let someone make (something) : (만들 + 게 하다)<br />
*느끼다 : to feel (something)<br />
*느껴지다 : to be felt : (느끼 + 어지다. Try to pronounce 느끼어지다 fast then you get 느껴지다)<br />
*느끼게 하다 : to make/let someone feel (something) : (느끼 + 게 하다)<br />
*잇다 : to connect (something)<br />
*이어지다 : to be connected : (이 + 어지다. This verb follows the [[ㅅ irregular verbs|ㅅ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*잇게 하다 : to make/let someone connect (something) : (잇 + 게 하다)<br />
:※ The "pronounce fast and get something" rule applies to all verbs except for the irregular [[으 irregular verbs|으 dropping verbs]]. You can see an irregular example of 잠그다 at the end of this page.<br />
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굽다 has two meanings and their conjugational forms are different.<br />
*굽다1 : to bend itself (intransitive verb) - ''or'' - to be bent/stooped (adjective)<br />
*굽어지다 : to (naturally) become bent/stooped : (This "naturally" means "not by someone intentionally")<br />
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:※ Intransitive verbs, such as 굽다1, 죽다, 숨다, 남다, ordinarily can't take the passive ending -어지다, so 굽어지다 is grammatically problematic. (It's the same in English. Intransitive verbs, such as ''remain'', ''happen'', ''die'', cannnot be passive.) To solve this issue, the Korea university Korean dictionary (고려대 한국어대사전) separates 굽다1 into two different words: 굽다1 as a verb (to bend itself) and 굽다1 as an adjective (to be bent/stooped). When 굽다1 is an adjective, 굽어지다 (to become bent/stooped) makes sense. Technically, "adjective + 어지다" is not the passive form but it is practically not distinguished from the "verb + 어지다" passive form. I will explain about adjectives again.<br />
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*굽게 하다1 (?) : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (-게 하다 is always causative. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 굽히다. It seems the Bible in Korean version uses this 굽게 하다 because it gives a unique unusual nuance.)<br />
*굽히다 : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (This -히 is causative)<br />
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative -히 + passive -어지다. Try to pronounce 굽히어지다 fast then you get 굽혀지다.)<br />
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*굽다2 : to bake (something)<br />
*굽히다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 굽다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.) <br />
*구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]]. Try to pronounce 구우어지다 fast then you get 구워지다.)<br />
*굽게 하다2 : to make/let someone bake (something) : (-게 하다 is always causative. Since 굽게 하다1 is hardly used, you can assume 굽게 하다 is this thing in most cases)<br />
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In the example above, -히 is a causative suffix, but it can be a passive suffix either in many other verbs.<br />
*먹다 : to eat<br />
*먹어지다 (?) : to be eaten : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 먹히다. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*먹히다 : to be eaten : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*먹혀지다 (X) : to be eaten : (passive -히 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*먹이다 (먹게 하다) : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (This -이 is causative)<br />
*먹여지다 : to be fed : (causative -이 + passive -어지다. This is correct but hardly used.)<br />
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:※ To be precise, the exact meaning of 먹어지다 and 먹히다 is slightly different. It's so subtle, very hard to explain in English. Let's say you are trying to eat a metal spoon now (it looks physically impossible to chew and swallow), then I would say 그게 먹어져요? (Can it be eaten?), but I wouldn't say 그게 먹혀요? (Is it eaten?). -어지다 can imply "(physically) possible" in some verbs.<br />
:※ In Korean, "I was fed (내가 먹여졌다)" means "I became food for an animal (and I was thrown into the mouth of the animal)", because the subject of the passive verb must be the direct object of the active verb. (I have already explained about it at the beginning of this page.) Hence, "내가 먹여졌다 (I was fed)" doesn't make sense and you'll never see it in Korean. If you have to use 먹여지다, the expression should be like "나에게(to me) 밥이(rice) 먹여졌다(was fed)". The subject has to be some sort of food. After all, Koreans rarely use the verb 먹여지다 in the first place.<br />
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For many verbs, the passive and the causative forms are morphologically identical.<br />
*보다 : to see<br />
*보아지다 (봐지다) (?) : to be seen : (-아지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 보이다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*보이다1 : to be seen : (This -이 is passive)<br />
*보여지다1 (X) : to be seen : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*보이다2 (보게 하다) : to make/let someone see , to show : (This -이 is causative. To avoid confusion, 보여주다 (보이다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases)<br />
*보여지다2 : to be shown : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 마침내 그 끔찍한 진실이 관객들에게 보여졌다: Finally, the horrendous truth was shown to the audience)<br />
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*듣다 : to hear : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*들어지다 (?) : to be heard : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 들리다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*들리다1 : to be heard : (This -리 is passive)<br />
*들려지다1 (X) : to be heard : (passive -리 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*들리다2 (듣게 하다) : to make/let someone hear, to tell(when talking) : (This -리 is causative. To avoid confusion, 들려주다 (들리다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases) : (e.g. 내 노래를 들려줄게 (듣게 해줄게): I'll let you hear my song)<br />
*들려지다2 : passive form of 들리다2 : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 너의 노래가 나에게 들려졌다: Your song was told(heard) to me)<br />
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:※ 들리다1 is simply "to be heard" whereas 들려지다2 is like someone is deliberately moving the source of the sound to your ears because he wants you to hear it. Likewise, 보이다1 is simply "to be seen" whereas 보여지다2(to be shown) is like someone is deliberately moving something in front of your eyes because he wants you to see it. If you can notice the difference between "진실이 보였다 (the truth was seen)" and "진실이 보여졌다 (the truth was shown)", you can also know the difference between "너의 노래가 들렸다 (your song was heard)" and "너의 노래가 들려졌다 (your song was VERB)". I think there is no adequate verb for 들려지다2 in English, so you should imagine it. The closest approximation is "your song was told to me (you caused me to hear it)".<br />
:※ In the Gyeongsang and Hamgyŏng dialects, 듣기다 is used instead of 들리다1. In these dialects, 듣기다(passive) and 들리다(causative) are different. Any dialect is the correct Korean language.<br />
:※ The passive ending -어지다 changed to -아지다 in 보아지다. If you don't know why it changes, see [[Vowel harmony]].<br />
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Many verbs have two possible passive forms but only one of them is preferred in most cases. (The less preferred one might even sound unnatural) For some verbs, however, the two passive forms are equally preferred, either one is fine.<br />
*믿다 : to believe<br />
*믿기다 : to be believed : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*믿어지다 : to be believed : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*믿겨지다 (X) : to be believed : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*믿게 하다 : to make/let someone believe something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*끊다 : to cut<br />
*끊기다 : to be cut : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*끊어지다 : to be cut : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*끊겨지다 (X) : to be cut : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*끊게 하다 : to make/let someone cut something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form)<br />
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:※ 끊다 has another passive-alike form 끊이다. This word is almost only used in negative forms "끊이지 않다 (never be cut/stopped, constantly continuous)" , "끊임(이) 없다 (there is no cutting/stopping, constantly continuous)".<br />
:※ If you are trying to cut a rope with your bare hands (it looks physically impossible), I would say 그게 끊어져요? (Can it be cut?) but I wouldn't say 그게 끊겨요? (Is it cut?). It's the same thing in 먹어지다 and 먹히다 mentioned above. There is a subtle difference between them.<br />
:※ To be precise, there are many more ways to express causative, like -게 만들다, -게끔 하다, -게끔 만들다, -도록 하다, -도록 만들다 (they may have different nuances), but the basic syntactic causative form is -게 하다.<br />
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There are some verbs that even most native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.<br />
*잊다 : to forget<br />
*잊히다 : to be forgotten : (passive -히)<br />
*잊어지다 : to be forgotten : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*잊혀지다 (X) : to be forgotten : (A double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong.)<br />
*잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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Not to be confused with the normal causative+passive forms. (They look like the double passive forms, but they are different.)<br />
*남다 : to remain : (intransitive)<br />
*남기다 (남게 하다) : to make/let something remain, to leave something : (causative -기. Not to be confused with 떠나다 meaning "to depart, to leave")<br />
*남겨지다 : to be left : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*숨다 : to hide : (intransitive)<br />
*숨기다 (숨게 하다) : to make/let something hide, to hide something : (causative -기)<br />
*숨겨지다 : to become hidden by someone : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
:※ 숨어라(숨다 + 어라) and 숨겨라(숨기다 + 어라) are both imperative sentences without an object but they have different meanings. 숨어라 means "Hide (yourself)", whereas 숨겨라 means "Hide it". Even if there is no object, 숨겨라 indicates there must be an object (but it's just omitted), whereas 숨어라 indicates there can't be an object because 숨다 is an intransitive verb. In English, these two verbs are not distinguished so you can't omit the object in "Hide it". In Korean, you don't have to say 그것을 숨겨라(Hide it). Just 숨겨라 is totally fine because we already know there must be an omitted object. If I say "Die!" you can know it means "Die (yourself)" because "die" is an intransitive verb and there can't be an object, but if I say "Kill!", you can know there must be an object but it's just omitted. It's the same thing.<br />
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*알다 : to know (something) : (this verb follows the [[ㄹ irregular verbs|ㄹ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*알리다 (알게 하다) : to make/let someone know (something), to inform, to notify : (causative -리)<br />
*알려지다 : to be informed, to become known : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 닐 암스트롱의 이름이 세상에 알려졌다: Neil Armstrong's name was informed (became known) throughout the world)<br />
:※ In English, "Neil Armstrong was informed" sounds like "something was informed (to Neil Armstrong)", so I used "Neil Armstrong's name" as the subject in order to eliminate the ambiguity. In Korean, "닐 암스트롱이 알려졌다 (Neil Armstrong was informed)" only means "someone informed (us) about Neil Armstrong". The subject "Neil Armstrong" must be the direct object of the active verb "inform".<br />
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:※ I translated "알려졌다" to "was informed (became known)" as the simple past tense. Then how to make it into the present perfect aspect "has been informed (has become known)" in Korean? In many cases, Korean doesn't particularly distinguish the present perfect from the simple past tense, but there are several ways to express it if you want to. The simplest way is using the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. <br><br />
:: 알려져 있다 : (it) currently exists in a state of informed <br><br />
:: 알려진 상태로 있다 : (when we want to emphasize the '''current state''') <br><br />
:: 알려진 채로 있다 : (this is known to be the closest approximation to the literal meaning of the present perfect in English. I don't recommend using this in actual Korean because it sounds a bit unnatural.) <br><br />
: From Korean's perspective, the simple past tense is just fine, because simple past is kind of present perfect as well. The past tense ending [[았/었_%2B_다|-었다/-았다]] is derived from [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] in the first place. For example, 죽었다(died) was originally 죽어 있다(have died). They were originally the same thing but in modern Korean, they are considered different. 죽었다 is technically "present tense + perfect aspect". That's why some Korean linguists still argue that Korean doesn't have a true past tense. If we compare 남았다(remained) with 남아 있다(remaining), the difference between them is so vague, they are almost the same meaning. This example clearly shows that -었다/-았다 is not a genuine past tense. "I am handsome" is "나는 잘생겼다" in Korean. In this sentence, 잘생겼다(잘생기었다) has a past tense ending -었다, it doesn't make any sense. But if you know 잘생겼다 is originally 잘생겨 있다 (exist in a state of being handsome), now it does make sense. It's actually a present tense, not the past tense.<br><br />
: In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, the past tense suffix -었/-았 didn't even exist. -더 was the original past tense suffix. -더 is the real past tense suffix. -더 is still used in -던, -던데, -더라, -더라도, -더니, -더라니, -더라고, etc. The present perfect -어/-아 있다 existed first and then the simple past -었다/-았다 branched out from it and replaced the original past tense -더. In modern Korean, -었다/-았다 is considered the simple past (in a loose sense), but it is still like the present perfect because of its origin.<br />
: '''Conclusion''': In a loose sense, -었다/-았다 is generally considered the simple past tense, but to be more precise, it's often more like the present perfect in English (present tense perfect aspect). In other words, -었다/-았다 has two possible meanings and it depends on the context, it's kind of ambiguous. If you want to clarify it, you should use 알려져 있다 (has become known: his name is still famous) or 알려졌었다 (≈ 알려져 있었다, had become known: his name was once famous but not anymore).<br />
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:※ Note that only '''intransitive verbs''' can be the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. For example, 먹다(to eat something) is a transitive verb (it can have a direct object), so 먹어 있다 and 먹어 있었다 are wrong. Only 먹었다 and 먹었었다 are correct. 남다 is an intransitive verb (it can't have a direct object), so 남아 있다 and 남아 있었다 are possible. 남기다 is a transitive verb (all causative verbs can have a direct object, so they are transitive) so 남겨 있다 and 남겨 있었다 are wrong. 남겨지다 is an intransitive verb (all passive verbs can't have a direct object, so they are intransitive) so 남겨져 있다 and 남겨져 있었다 are correct. (There are some exceptions. Some verbs, such as 찔리다, 빼앗기다, 잡히다1, can have a direct object even though they are passive verbs.)<br />
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Some verbs seldom take the -어/아지다 ending. These exceptional verbs need some special passive forms.<br />
*죽다 : to die<br />
*죽이다 : to make/let someone die , to kill : (causative -이)<br />
*죽여지다 (?) : to be killed (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 죽이다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*죽임을 당하다 : to be killed (by a murderer) : (causative -이 + nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
*죽음을 당하다 : to be killed : (If someone is accidentally killed, you should use this form. Notice the causative suffix -이 has been removed. It means either he was murdered or accidentally killed. Maybe it's hard to tell if someone caused the death on purpose and is responsible for it. For example, he may have been killed by a wild animal, or killed by a natural disaster, or killed by an unavoidable car accident. Or he may have incurred his own death, for example, he may have been legally executed for his crime, or got cancer because of his bad habit.)<br />
*사망(死亡)하다 : to die : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)하다 : to kill : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)당하다 (살해당하다 or 살해를 당하다) : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*피살(被殺)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
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*놀리다 : to tease : (This 놀리다 looks like it's suffixed with -리, but it already is a word. 놀다 has a causative form 놀리다2 but it is a different word.)<br />
*놀려지다 (?) : to be teased (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 놀리다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*놀림을 받다 (놀림받다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다)<br />
*놀림을 당하다 (놀림당하다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
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*가르치다 : to teach<br />
*가르쳐지다 : (for something) to be taught : (The subject is the '''direct object''' of the active verb. For example, "영어가 가르쳐져야 한다: The English language should be taught")<br />
*가르침을 받다 : (for someone) to be taught : (The subject is the '''indirect object''' of the active verb. For example, "학생들이 가르침을 받았다: The students were taught")<br />
:※ Although 가르쳐지다 is correct, Koreans hardly use it. The active voice sentence "영어를 가르쳐야 한다(Should teach English)" is much more common.<br />
:※ An indirect object of a verb generally cannot be the subject of the passive verb, but the verb 가르치다 is an exceptional case. When the direct object 영어를 is omitted, 학생들에게(indirect object) can become 학생들을(direct object), so that it can be the subject of the passive verb.<br />
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묻다 has three meanings and each of them has different conjugational forms.<br />
*묻다1 : to bury<br />
*묻히다1 : to be buried : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*묻어지다 : to be buried : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*묻혀지다1 (X) : to be buried : (passive -히 + passive -어지다, this usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*묻게 하다 : to make/let someone bury something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*묻다2 : to be smeared with : (intransitive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻었다 : My hands were smeared with blood)<br />
*묻게 하다 (?) : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (causative -게 하다. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 묻히다2.)<br />
*묻히다2 : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (This -히 is causative. Note that the previous 묻히다1 is passive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피를 묻혔다 : Smeared my hands with blood)<br />
*묻혀지다2 : passive form of 묻히다2 : (causative -히 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻혀졌다 : My hands were smeared with blood (by someone intentionally))<br />
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*묻다3 : to question : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*물어지다 (?) : to be questioned (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 묻다3, but this is not used. It sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*물음을 받다 : to be questioned : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다) : (This is the correct passive form of 묻다3)<br />
*질문(質問)을 받다 : to be questioned : (This Sino-Korean alternative is more frequently used than 물음을 받다)<br />
*물어보게 하다 : to make/let someone question something : (causative form in -게 하다. Theoretically, it should be 묻게 하다 but this can be misunderstood as the 묻다1 verb.)<br />
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:※ In English, the word "question" could be either a noun or a verb without changing its form, but this kind of flexibility doesn't exist in Korean. It is called "zero derivation" and it inevitably causes grammatical ambiguities, and makes the language resort to word order to figure out whether it is a verb or a noun, that's an analytic language. A noun and a verb can't have the same form in Korean. There is no exception. For example, 사랑 is a noun and its verb form is 사랑하다. 물음 is a noun and its verb form is 묻다.<br />
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Adjectives can also become passive and causative verbs.<br />
*낮다 : be(is) low : (adjective)<br />
*낮아지다 : to become low : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*낮추다 : to make something be low , to lower something : (낮다 + causative -추)<br />
*낮춰지다 : to become lowered by someone : (causative -추 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*높다 : be(is) high : (adjective)<br />
*높아지다 : to become high : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*높이다 : to make something be high , to raise something : (높다 + causative -이)<br />
*높여지다 : to become raised by someone : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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:※ To be precise, -어/-아지다 means "to become" when it is attached to adjectives, so 낮아지다 and 높아지다 shouldn't be called "passive form" but they look exactly like the -어/-아지다 passive form.<br />
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Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.<br />
*자다 : to sleep<br />
*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*재워지다 : passive form of 재우다 : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*차다1 : to fill (intransitive. 차다 has many meanings and their conjugational forms are different by each meaning, as in 묻다 explained above.)<br />
*채우다1 (차게 하다1) : to make something filled, to fill something : (차 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*채워지다1 : to be filled : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*서다 : to stand<br />
*세우다 (서게 하다) : to make/let something stand, to erect something : (서 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*세워지다 : to be erected : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Some verbs have multiple causative forms.<br />
*눕다 : to lie (down) : (intransitive)<br />
*눕게 하다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -게 하다)<br />
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*눕히다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -히)<br />
*눕혀지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -히 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*누이다 (뉘다) : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (눕다 + 이 → [[ㅂ irregular verbs|눕이다 → 누우이다]] → 누이다 → 뉘다)<br />
*누여지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Double causative forms are possible and correct.<br />
*죽이다 (죽게 하다) : to make someone die, to kill<br />
*죽이게 하다 : to make someone kill (causative -이 + causative -게 하다) : (e.g. "Hey John, kill Lisa" → I made John make Lisa die)<br />
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*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make someone sleep<br />
*재우게 하다 : to make someone1 make someone2 sleep : (e.g. "Hey Lisa, put me to sleep" → I made Lisa make me sleep)<br />
:※ I made John make Lisa die = 나는 John이 Lisa를 죽이게 했다<br />
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The [[르 irregular verbs]] follow a special pattern.<br />
*구르다 : to roll (itself)<br />
*굴리다 : to make something roll, to roll something : (causative -리)<br />
*굴려지다 : passive form of 굴리다<br />
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*누르다 : to press<br />
*눌리다 : to be pressed : (passive -리)<br />
*눌러지다 : to be pressed : (passive -어지다)<br />
*눌려지다 (X) : to be pressed : (double passive, this is wrong)<br />
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:※ 굴리다 and 눌리다 have the same pattern, seemingly they are easy. However, 굴리다 is causative, 눌리다 is passive. When the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are attached, there is no specific way to know which one is passive and which one is causative. You have to just memorize them whenever you encounter new words. You have to look up in a dictionary to know if they are passive or causative. If you find this grammar part very confusing, it is normal. I guess you are doing well. Welcome to the most illogical and absurd part of Korean. This part will be the final hurdle on the road to master Korean grammar. I will explain in detail again.<br />
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Some passive verbs don't have their active forms. For example, 고이다 works like a passive verb (passive -이), but its expected active form 고다 or 고으다 is not used. 고다2 that you can find in the Korean dictionary is a homonym, a different word. What's more, the passive form of 고다2 is 고아지다 (고다 + -아지다), not 고이다2. In short,<br />
*고다1 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*고이다1 : to be gathered and form a puddle : (passive -이) : (e.g. 눈물이 고였다 : Tears were gathered and formed a puddle)<br />
*고여지다 (X) : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive.)<br />
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*고다2 : to boil meat or bone for a long time and extract juice from it<br />
*고이다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 고다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.)<br />
*고아지다 : to be boiled : (고다2 + passive -아지다)<br />
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:※ ''form'' and ''gather'' are both ergative verbs. (There are a ton of ergative verbs in English.) Remember, in Korean, you must use passive and forget about ergative.<br />
:: Tears formed in my eyes : (ergative)<br />
:: Tears were formed in my eyes (by my lacrimal glands) : (passive)<br />
:: My lacrimal glands formed tears in my eyes : (active)<br />
:: People gathered : (ergative)<br />
:: People were gathered : (passive)<br />
:: Something gathered people : (active)<br />
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멈추다 and 움직이다 are exceptional verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive(ergative) without changing their forms. They are pretty much like the ergative verbs in English.<br />
*멈다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*멈추다1 : to make something stop, to stop something : (This -추 works like a causative suffix although 멈다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 멈췄다(멈추었다) : I stopped the car)<br />
*멈추다2 : to stop (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 멈췄다(멈추었다) : The car stopped)<br />
*멈춰지다 (멈추어지다) : to be stopped : (causative -추 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 멈춰졌다(멈추어지었다) : The car was stopped)<br />
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*움직다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*움직이다1 : to make something move, to move something : (This -이 works like a causative suffix although 움직다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 움직였다(움직이었다) : I moved the car)<br />
*움직이다2 : to move (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 움직였다(움직이었다) : The car moved)<br />
*움직여지다 (움직이어지다) : to be moved : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 움직여졌다(움직이어지었다) : The car was moved)<br />
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:※ As you can see, 멈추다 and 움직이다 work exactly like the English verbs ''stop'' and ''move'' which are ergative verbs. 차(the car) can be either a subject or an object but the verbs (멈추- and 움직이-) remain the same. You can also use the passive verbs 멈춰지다(멈추어지다) and 움직여지다(움직이어지다), but they are unnecessary in many cases, just like ''be stopped'' and ''be moved'' are in English. These two verbs must be very easy to learn for English speakers.<br />
:※ If 멈추다 and 움직이다 were regular verbs, the intransitive verbs should be 멈다 and 움직다, not 멈추다2 and 움직이다2. That's why they are exceptional cases. (Note: 멈추다2 can be replaced with 멎다, which is the original intransitive verb)<br />
:※ Korean ergative verbs : 멈추다, 움직이다, 그치다, 마치다, 다치다, 뭉치다, 풍기다, 다하다, 상하다, 반짝이다, 내리다, 울리다, 불다, 휘다, 데다, 시작하다, 작동하다, 정지하다 (In many cases, these verbs don't work ergatively, so you should check their specific usages.)<br />
:※ In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, Korean had a lot more ergative verbs. For example, in Middle Korean, 문이 열다(a door opens) was correct, but in modern Korean, you must use the passive verb 열리다 (문이 열리다 : a door gets opened). For hundreds of years, Korean has been ditching its ergative constructions and evolving into a true nominative-accusative language. The evolution is still ongoing. For example, I introduced 마치다 as an ergative verb, but its ergative usage is nearly obsolete now. It's safe to assume 마치다 is just a regular verb. (Technically, 일을 마치다 and 일이 마치다 both are correct, but the ergative sentence 일이 마치다 is nearly obsolete and some may even consider it unnatural. In the near future, only 일이 마쳐지다(passive -어지다) will be considered correct.) 시작하다 is also an ergative verb and its ergative usage is nearly obsolete. At the beginning of this page, I explained that only "게임이 시작됐다(시작되었다)" is correct, but technically "게임이 시작했다(시작하였다)" is also correct (no one would speak like that nowadays).<br />
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Verbs that end with -나다, such as 끝나다, 빛나다, are often explained as passive verbs, but they're not that easy to explain and can be controversial. You can simply treat them as intransitive verbs. All -나다 verbs are intransitive, and when the causative suffix -이 is attached, they become transitive -내다. [나다 + causative -이 → 나이다 → 내다] <br />
*끝나다 : to end (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 시험이 끝났다 : The exam ended)<br />
*끝내다 (끝나게 하다) : to make something end, to end something, to finish something : (e.g. 시험을 끝냈다 : (I) finished the exam)<br />
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*고장 나다 : to break (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 : My computer broke down)<br />
*고장 내다 (고장 나게 하다) : to make something break, to break something : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터를 고장 냈다 : (I) broke my computer)<br />
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*빛나다 : to shine (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*빛내다 (빛나게 하다) : to make something shine<br />
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*드러나다 : to be revealed : (This is supposed to be an intransitive verb but I translated to a passive verb because the English verb ''reveal'' doesn't work as an intransitive verb. There is no object anyway.)<br />
*드러내다 (드러나게 하다) : to reveal something<br />
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*나타나다 : to show up (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*나타내다 (나타나게 하다) : to make something show up, to represent something<br />
:※ For some reason, 고장나다 and 고장내다 have not become words in the standard Korean dictionary, so technically we are supposed to put a space like 고장(이) 나다 and 고장(을) 내다, but most Koreans are not bothered about it. This is not important so don't mind it.<br />
:※ Double causative forms like "끝내게 하다, 빛내게 하다" are also possible. I have already explained about the double causative forms.<br />
:※ Many -나다 verbs, such as 기억나다, 깨어나다, don't have -내다 form. (기억내다, 깨어내다 are wrong. You must use the alternative causative form 기억나게 하다, 깨어나게 하다.)<br />
:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.<br />
:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)<br />
:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)<br />
:: 화내다 : to openly vent one's anger : (In this case, 화내다 is not a causative form of 화나다.)<br />
:: 화내게 하다 : to make someone openly vent his anger : (causative -게 하다. This is not a double causative form.)<br />
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When verbs have a -하다 (to do) ending, the conjugations are different from the rules above. Most Hanja words (Chinese loanwords) belong to this part.<br />
When 하다 verbs have a monosyllabic stem, they tend to take the -어/-아지다 ending. <br><br />
Note that the 하다 verb itself is irregular. <br><br />
[하다 + -어/-아지다 → 하여지다 → 해지다]<br />
*칠하다 : to paint<br />
*칠해지다 (칠하여지다) : to be painted<br />
*정하다 : to decide<br />
*정해지다 (정하여지다) : to be decided<br />
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Note that there are many exceptions, this is not an established principle. For example, 변하다 (to change) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so it can't take the passive ending -어/-아지다. If you use 변해지다 which is wrong, Koreans will instantly notice that you are not a native speaker. The native Korean counterpart to "to change", 바꾸다, has a normal passive form 바뀌다(바꾸이다). In short,<br />
*변하다 : to change (itself) : (intransitive)<br />
*바꾸다 : to change (something) : (active)<br />
*바뀌다 : to be changed : (passive)<br />
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바뀌다 and 변하다 are kind of interchangeable. For example,<br />
*내 마음이 바뀌었다(My mind was changed) ≈ 내 마음이 변했다(My mind changed) : 내 마음(my mind) is the subject of the sentence<br />
바꾸다(active) can't be replaced with 변하다.<br />
*[I] Changed my mind = 내 마음을 바꾸었다(바꿨다) : 내 마음(my mind) is the object of the sentence<br />
:※ If you want the stem 변 to be transitive, you must use other correct transitive verbs such as 변경하다, 변화시키다.<br />
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When 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they don't add the -어/-아지다 ending. Instead, the 하다 ending changes to 되다 or 받다 or 당하다. (You should memorize which one to use for individual verbs. Some verbs can take two out of the three.)<br />
*결정하다 : to decide<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided (Note: 결정하다 is a synonym of 정하다 above, the only difference is the prefix 결, but they follow different rules.)<br />
*사랑하다 : to love<br />
*사랑받다 (사랑을 받다) : to be loved (받다 means "to receive")<br />
*구타하다 : to beat up<br />
*구타당하다 (구타를 당하다) : to be beaten up (당하다 means "to undergo/suffer")<br />
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Note that Korean adjectives can have -하다 ending too, but the 하다 in adjectives is a different thing and doesn't mean "to do". The conjugation are also different. They take the -어/-아지다 and the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] endings like verbs, but the 시키다 causative form is not used. This poses another difficulty because 하다 verbs and adjectives look the same, so you can't determine if they are verbs or adjectives unless you look up in a dictionary. You should first figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, then you can apply correct conjugation rules.<br />
*깨끗하다 : be(is) clean : (adjective)<br />
*깨끗해지다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 되다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 하다 : to make/let something be(is) clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*깨끗해지게 하다 : to make/let something become clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
:※ Note: For 하다 adjectives, whether the stem is monosyllabic or polysyllabic doesn't matter. It is always "하다 → 해지다" and "하다 → 하게 되다". (It only matters to 하다 verbs)<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs, such as 좋아하다, 싫어하다, don't have any passive form.<br />
*좋아하다 (좋다 + -아하다) : to like : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*싫어하다 (싫다 + -어하다) : to dislike : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*무서워하다 (무섭다 + -어하다) : to fear : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
:※ 무섭다(to be scary) follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
:※ You've just been taught that the passive form of 하다 is 해지다(하여지다) or 되다/받다/당하다. You might expect the passive form of 좋아하다 would be 좋아해지다 or 좋아되다/좋아받다/좋아당하다. None of these are correct.<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs have possible passive forms.<br />
*귀여워하다 (귀엽다 + -어하다) : to adore<br />
*귀여움받다 (귀여움을 받다) : to be adored<br />
*미워하다 (밉다 + -어하다) : to hate<br />
*미움받다 (미움을 받다) : to be hated<br />
:※ 귀엽다(to be cute) and 밉다(to be detestable) follow the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
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The causative form of 하다 is 시키다.<br />
*실행하다 : to carry out<br />
*실행시키다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
*실행하게 하다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
:※ Note: Only when 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they can take -시키다. For example, 변하다 is a verb but the stem 변 is monosyllabic, so 변시키다 is wrong, you must use 변하게 하다. 깨끗하다 is an adjective, so 깨끗시키다 is wrong.<br />
:※ Note: Many 하다 verbs with a polysyllabic stem don't take -시키다. For example, 사랑하다 is a verb and the stem 사랑 is polysyllabic, (it meets all the conditions to take -시키다) but 사랑시키다 is not used. -하게 하다 can be applied universally.<br />
:※ "I ran Photoshop on my computer" Does this sentence really make sense? From Korean's perspective, I think this sentence is a little bit weird. (I mean it's mostly fine and still fully comprehensible but there is a more decent way to describe it.) You are a human so you can't run the Photoshop program designed for computer machines. The agent that runs Photoshop is your computer, not yourself. All you are doing is just making your computer run Photoshop. (포토샵을 실행시켰다 : (I) made (my computer) run Photoshop - ''or'' - (I) made Photoshop run (itself on my computer)) (There are two possible translations. The direct object of 시키다 is kind of ambiguous.)<br />
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Note that (하)게 하다 and (하)게 되다 are different. (하)게 하다 is a causative form for verbs and adjectives, (하)게 되다 is like "to become" for adjectives. When verbs take (하)게 되다, the meaning is slightly different. It's like "end up doing / get to do".<br />
*결정하다 : to decide : (verb)<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided : (verb)<br />
*결정하게 하다 : to make/let someone decide something : (-게 하다 causative. The 시키다 causative form is not used for this verb)<br />
*결정되게 하다 : to make/let something be decided : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*결정하게 되다 : to end up deciding something , to get to decide something<br />
*결정되게 되다 : to end up being decided : (Same with other non-되다 passive verbs. For example, [정해지게 되다 : to end up being decided] , [구타당하게 되다 : to end up being beaten up] , [먹히게 되다 : to end up being eaten])<br />
*결정해지다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 결정하다 is a verb and the stem 결정 is polysyllabic.)<br />
*익숙하다 : be(is) accustomed : (adjective)<br />
*익숙하게 되다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지게 하다 : to make/let someone become accustomed : (verb, -게 하다 causative)<br />
*익숙되다, 익숙받다, 익숙당하다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 익숙하다 is an adjective.)<br />
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In short, the conjugations for the passive and the causative forms vary with individual verbs, but there are some patterns. (Most passive verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기 or -어/-아지다 or -되다/-받다/-당하다. Most causative verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기, -우 ,-구, -추 or -게 하다 or -시키다). The three suffixes -우, -구, -추 are unconditionally causative, so they are no problem, but the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are particularly tricky as they could be either passive or causative (or sometimes both). Let's see possible scenarios.<br />
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:⑴ When adjectives are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (넓다(to be wide) is an adjective so you can expect 넓히다(to widen something) is causative.) <br><br />
:⑵ When intransitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (얼다(to freeze) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so you can expect 얼리다(to freeze something) is causative) <br><br />
:⑶ When transitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, you need a Korean dictionary to figure them out. <br><br />
:: ① Case one : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only passive (잊히다, 끊기다, 믿기다, 밀리다, 모이다, 쌓이다, etc) <br><br />
:: ② Case two : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only causative (알리다, 넘기다, 맞히다, 입히다, 맡기다, 신기다, etc) <br><br />
:: ③ Case three : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in the same form (보이다, 들리다, 업히다, 뜯기다, 읽히다, 털리다, etc) <br><br />
:: ④ Case four : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in different forms (먹히다-먹이다) <br><br />
:: ⑤ Case five : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative depending on the meaning of the stem (묻히다1 is only passive, but 묻히다2 is only causative. 불리다, 물리다, 들리다, etc can be many different meanings.) (묻다2 is intransitive, by the way) <br><br />
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If you come across those words that you don't know, you can't really determine whether they are passive or causative unless you look up in a Korean dictionary, because the meaning of those four suffixes in individual verbs is arbitrary. (If you come across a "-ed" suffixed English word that you don't know, you can soon figure out that it is a past tense suffix for a verb, but you can't determine the function of the four Korean suffixes without a Korean dictionary) Besides, when they have the -하다 ending, you have to figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, because verbs and adjectives follow different rules despite looking exactly the same things. That's why many Korean materials for foreigners skip over this grammar part. They (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) often say "Passive verbs are not much used in Korean" or "Passive verbs are not as common as the passive voice in English". The first argument is wrong. Passive verbs are very common in Korean in fact. The second argument might be true in many cases, but I'm dubious about whether it's concluded from any valid statistics. As previously shown, many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean, but it is often ignored. It seems like many Koreans aren't even aware that they are actually speaking in the passive form. I have never seen someone explain 믿기지 않다 or 믿어지지 않다 or 믿겨지지 않다 as the passive form. Most people just explain it as "can't believe". That's how you end up thinking the passive form is not common in Korean without understanding the underlying grammar structure. Depending on the situation, the passive form in Korean could be even more common than the passive voice in English.<br />
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There is another problem. Currently, all Korean-English dictionaries are designed for Koreans trying to learn English, not for foreigners trying to learn Korean. Even the Korean-English Learners' dictionary operated by the Korean government is not so friendly to English speakers. 맺히다 is a passive form of 맺다, but in any Korean-English dictionary, there is no such information about it being a passive form, and the definition doesn't even look like a passive verb, because English speakers seldom use the passive voice for this verb. If you find 팔리다 in the dictionary, the definition is either "sell" or "be sold" so English speakers may misunderstand 팔리다 has both meanings, but it is in fact the English word "sell" that has both meanings 팔다(to sell) and 팔리다(to be sold). I have already explained about 팔리다 at the beginning of this page. 열다 and 열리다 are even the same meaning "open" according to the dictionary. Therefore, you should find these words in a Korean-Korean dictionary, specifically, the standard Korean dictionary (표준국어대사전). 피동사 means passive verb, 사동사 means causative verb so you can finally be 100% sure about them. If you can understand Japanese or Chinese, you can use Korean-Japanese or Korean-Chinese dictionaries, in which 맺히다 is correctly explained as a passive verb of 맺다. Somehow Korean dictionaries are much more friendly to Japanese and Chinese speakers.<br />
<br />
In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.<br />
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This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br><br />
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※ Further explanation about the passive form and the attributive form. <br><br />
In English, somehow the past participles are used for the passive voice, so English speakers naturally relate the completely different two concepts. In Korean, however, past tense has nothing to do with the passive form. They are morphologically completely different. Besides, English verbs don't have any attributive conjugational form. The verb conjugations are much simpler in English so it is causing misunderstandings or difficulties of Korean for English speakers. Think about this phrase "a pretty girl". English speakers never say "a pretty-ed girl" or "a pretty-will girl" so it is basically impossible to naturally convey connotations of Korean. I hope the following over specific translations can convey this Korean part. <br><br />
A passive verb, for example, 먹히다 (to be eaten) is the infinitive form (the basic verb form used in the dictionary), it doesn't even have any tense (it is not present tense. it literally has no tense whatsoever), so you should conjugate it in actual Korean. Let's make it into the attributive form with past tense.<br />
<br />
* 먹힌 닭 : a chicken that was eaten , a chicken that has been eaten (an eaten chicken)<br />
먹힌 alone implies three additional connotations along with the basic meaning "to eat". -히 stands for the passive form, -ㄴ/은 stands for past tense and the attributive form combined. If the verb stem has an ending consonant (e.g., 먹 in 먹다), -은 is used instead (먹다→먹은 as opposed to 먹히다→먹힌). Let's change it into present tense.<br />
* 먹히는 닭 : a chicken that is eaten (a chicken that is being eaten. Similar to 먹히고 있는 닭)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -는 stands for present tense and the attributive form combined. It looks exactly like 먹히 is a noun and -는 is the topic marker. It may be greatly confusing for beginners. It is what learners have to overcome. Let's change it into future tense.<br />
* 먹힐 닭 : a chicken that will be eaten , a chicken that is going to be eaten (English doesn't have a grammatical future tense but Korean does.)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -ㄹ/을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. Let's change it into past-future tense.<br />
* 먹혔을 닭 : a chicken that would have been eaten (먹 + 히 + 었 + 을 → 먹혔을)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -었 stands for past tense, -을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. See more variations.<br />
<br />
* 먹히던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten (-던 implies the speaker is thinking about the past retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔던 닭 : a chicken that was eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔었던 닭 : a chicken that had been eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭 and 먹혔던 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹히고 있는 닭 : a chicken that is being eaten (Similar to 먹히는 닭 but emphasizing the action is being done now)<br />
* 먹히고 있던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있을 닭 : a chicken that will be being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었을 닭 : a chicken that would have been being eaten (This one is hard to translate. You should change the "have been" part to "was". Imagine "would" and "was being eaten" are combined)<br />
* 먹히게 되는 닭 : a chicken that ends up being eaten (I've already explained about the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] grammar)<br />
* 먹히게 될 닭 : a chicken that will end up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 된 닭 : a chicken that (just) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었던 닭 : a chicken that (had) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었었던 닭 : a chicken that had ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었을 닭 : a chicken that would have ended up being eaten<br />
<br />
Be careful it is slightly different for adjectives.<br />
* 예쁘다 : to be pretty (adjective)<br />
* 예쁜 닭 : a chicken that is pretty (a pretty chicken) : (Unlike verbs, -ㄴ/은 stands for present tense. It may be confusing)<br />
* 예뻤던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (This alternative past tense form is applied to adjectives, which is the same with that of verbs)<br />
* 예쁘던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (Implies the chicken used to be pretty, retrospectively)<br />
* 예뻤었던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty before (a chicken that had been pretty before)<br />
* 예쁘는 닭 (X) : (If 예쁘다 was a verb, -는 stands for present tense, but it is an adjective so -는 is completely wrong)<br />
* 예쁠 닭 : a chicken that will be pretty : (The future tense follows the same pattern for verbs. In this case, 예뻐질 닭 (a chicken that will become pretty) would be more natural.)<br />
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In short, -ㄴ/은 is past tense for verbs, but present tense for adjectives. -는 is present tense for verbs, but wrong for adjectives. <br />
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I have said that Korean verbs must be conjugated in a sentence, but there is a trap. Take a look at this sentence.<br />
* 먹히다 간신히 탈출했다.<br />
In this sentence, 먹히다 looks exactly like the unconjugated infinitive form, but it isn't in fact. That 먹히다 is contracted from 먹히다가 (먹히다 + -다가) meaning "while being eaten"<br />
* 먹히다가 간신히 탈출했다. : (Someone) Barely escaped while being eaten. (He was being eaten alive, but barely escaped.)<br />
If you ever come across a verb in a sentence that looks like an unconjugated form, it is the -다가(while) form. It is just contracted to -다(while). <br><br />
Korean has two different suffixes for the meaning "while". In fact, "-(으)면서" is more similar to the meaning of the English "while". Google it if you want to know about the difference between -다가 and -(으)면서.<br> -다가 becomes -다 when contracted, -(으)면서 becomes -(으)며 when contracted.<br />
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There is another case. In headlines or titles of some articles, the unconjugated verb form can be used.<br />
* 관광객, 상어에게 잡아먹히다! : Tourist, eaten by shark! (this is supposed to be a headline of news)<br />
In this case, that 먹히다 is the unconjugated form. So, this headline has no tense. (먹힌다 for present tense, 먹혔다 for past tense)<br />
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<br />
※ -이다 vs. -하다 <br><br />
Let's assume your parents named you as "Lovely" when you were born. How would you introduce yourself when you meet someone?<br />
* Hello, I am Lovely. (sounds so narcissistic)<br />
* Hello, my name is Lovely. (boasting of your name?)<br />
It is a very embarrassing situation, isn't it? If you remember this specific situation, you will never be confused about -이다 and -하다. The fundamental problem is that you can't specify the grammatical role of "lovely". Your name is supposed to be a noun but it sounds like an adjective due to the same pronunciation. Languages around the world have various solutions to avoid this kind of problem. English has solved this kind of problem with extensive use of articles. If you put an article like a/an/the, you can make clear that "Lovely" is a noun. However, In this specific situation, unfortunately you can't put any article. I wanted to show what happens when you can't use articles in English. Now you would understand why English speakers are obsessed with correct use of grammatical articles. <br><br />
Korean has a different solution without using articles.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely야. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : (-야 explicitly indicates that "Lovely" is a noun. -야 is conjugated from -이다. -입니다, -예요/-이에요 are also possible)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely해. (Hello, I am lovely.) : (-해 explicitly indicates that "lovely" is an adjective. -해 is conjugated from -하다. -합니다, -해요 are also possible)<br />
As you can see, the grammar has eliminated the ambiguity, so there is no such an embarrassing situation in Korean. Instead, there is another problem in Korean. I've already said that there are two different kinds of 하다s in Korean; 하다 for verbs and 하다 for adjectives. Here they go again. In the example above, -해 could be either a verb or an adjective. In many speech styles, the grammar is simplified and the same spelling is used for both of them. Let's make it more clear by using a different speech style.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely이다. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : ("Lovely" is a noun. -이다 can be shortened to -다 when the noun doesn't have an ending consonant.)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely하다. (Hello, I am lovely.) : ("lovely" is an adjective)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely한다. (Hello, I do the thing "Lovely".) : ("Lovely" is a verb. It can be anything you can do. For example, it could be a name of a video game.)<br />
All the examples are present tense. (-이다 the copula for nouns, and adjectives, don't add -ㄴ/는 for present tense in this speech style. Only verbs do.)<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+이 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in ㅎ or a vowel)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 놓다 (to lay, to put, to build)<br />
| 놓이다 (to be on, to be placed, to be built)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 (I put dishes on the table).<br />
*Passive: 식탁에 그릇들이 놓였다 (Dishes were put on the table).<br />
|-<br />
| 바꾸다 (to change)<br />
| 바뀌다 (to be changed)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 결정을 바꾸었다 (I changed the decision).<br />
*Passive: 결정이 바뀌었다 (The decision was changed).<br />
|-<br />
| 보다 (to see)<br />
| 보이다 (to be seen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 나는 그 외계인을 보았다 (I saw the alien).<br />
*Passive: 그 외계인이 보였다. (The alien was seen (to me)).<br />
|-<br />
| 쓰다 (to use, to write)<br />
| 쓰이다 (to be used, to be written)<br />
| <br />
*Active:그 책은 내 친구가 썼다 (My friend wrote that book).<br />
*Passive:그 책은 내 친구에 의해 쓰였다 (That book was written by my friend).<br />
|-<br />
| 쌓다 (to pile up, to stack)<br />
| 쌓이다 (to be piled up, to be stacked up)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 상자를 쌓았다 (I stacked boxes up).<br />
*Passive: 상자가 쌓였다 (Boxes were stacked up).<br />
|-<br />
| 차다 - to dump someone<br />
| 차이다 - to be dumped<br />
|<br />
*Active: 내가 여자친구를 찼다 (I dumped my girlfriend).<br />
*Passive: 내 여자친구가 나에게 차였다 (My girlfriend was dumped by me).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+히 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in a ㅂ,ㅈ,ㄷ or ㄱ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 꽂다 (to put in, to stick in)<br />
| 꽂히다 (to be stuck in)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 꽃을 꽃병에 꽂았다 (I put flowers in a vase).<br />
*Passive: 꽃이 꽃병에 꽂혔다 (Flowers were put in a vase).<br />
|-<br />
| 닫다 (to close, to shut)<br />
| 닫히다 (to be closed, to be shut)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 문을 닫았다 (I closed the door).<br />
*Passive: 문이 닫혔다 (The door was closed).<br />
|-<br />
| 읽다 (to read)<br />
| 읽히다 (to be read)<br />
| <br />
*Active:책을 읽었다 (I read a book).<br />
*Passive: 책이 읽혔다 (The book was read by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 막다 (to block, to clog)<br />
| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).<br />
*Passive: 입구가 막혔다 (The entrance was blocked).<br />
|-<br />
| 먹다 (to eat)<br />
| 먹히다 (to be eaten)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 빵을 먹는다 (I eat bread).<br />
*Passive: 빵이 먹혔다 (The bread was eaten). <br />
|-<br />
| 묻다 (to bury)<br />
| 묻히다 (to be buried)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 땅에 관을 묻었다 (I buried the coffin under the ground).<br />
*Passive: 땅에 관이 묻혔다 (The coffin was buried under the ground).<br />
|-<br />
| 뽑다 (to pluck, to pull off)<br />
| 뽑히다 (to be plucked, to be pulled off)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 잡초를 뽑는다 (I pluck the weeds out). <br />
*Passive: 잡초가 뽑혔다 (The weeds were plucked out).<br />
|-<br />
| 잡다 (to catch)<br />
| 잡히다 (to be caught)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 경찰이 범죄자를 잡았다 (the police caught the criminal).<br />
*Passive: 범죄자가 경찰에게 잡혔다 (the criminal was caught by the police).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+리 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category are irregular ㄷ verbs or end with ㄹ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 걸다 (to hang)<br />
| 걸리다 (to be hung)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 그림을 벽에 걸었다 (I hung a picture on the wall).<br />
*Passive: 그림이 벽에 걸렸다 (The picture was hung on the wall).<br />
|-<br />
| 듣다 (to hear)<br />
| 들리다 (to be heard)<br />
| <br />
*Active:노래를 들었다 (I heard the song).<br />
*Passive: 노래가 들렸다 (The song was heard).<br />
|-<br />
| 물다 (to bite)<br />
| 물리다 (to be bitten)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 개가 나를 물었다 (the dog bit me).<br />
*Passive: 나는 개한테 물렸다 (I was bitten by the dog).<br />
|-<br />
| 열다 (to open)<br />
| 열리다 (to be open)<br />
| <br />
*Active:창문을 열었다 (I open the window).<br />
*Passive: 창문이 열렸다 (The window was open).<br />
|-<br />
| 팔다 (to sell)<br />
| 팔리다 (to be sold)<br />
| <br />
*Active:나는 장난감을 판다 (I sell the toys).<br />
*Passive: 장난감이 팔렸다 (The toys were sold).<br />
|-<br />
| 풀다 (to untie, to solve)<br />
| 풀리다 (to get untied, to be solved )<br />
| <br />
*Active:문제를 풀었다 (I solve the problem).<br />
*Passive: 문제가 풀렸다 (The problem was solved).<br />
|-<br />
| 자르다 (to cut)<br />
| 잘리다 (to be cut)<br />
|<br />
*Active:종이를 잘랐다 (I cut the paper).<br />
*Passive: 종이가 잘렸다 (The paper was cut).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+기 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end with ㄴ (ㄶ), ㅅ and ㅁ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 끊다 (to cut off, to sever)<br />
| 끊기다 (to be cut off, to be severed)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 줄을 끊었다 (I cut the rope). <br />
*Passive: 줄이 끊겼다 (The rope was cut).<br />
|-<br />
| 빼앗다 (to take, to steal)<br />
| 빼앗기다 (to be taken, to be stolen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 돈을 빼앗았다 (I stole someone's money).<br />
*Passive: 돈을 빼앗겼다 (My money was stolen by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 안다 (to hold, to embrace)<br />
| 안기다 (to be held, to be embraced)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 아기를 품에 안았다 (I held baby in my arms).<br />
*Passive: 아기가 품에 안겼다 (The baby is in my arms).<br />
|-<br />
| 쫓다 (to chase)<br />
| 쫓기다 (to be chased)<br />
| <br />
*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A policeman chases robbery).<br />
*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A robbery is chased by policeman).<br />
|-<br />
| 잠그다 (to lock)<br />
| 잠기다 (to be locked)<br />
| <br />
*Active:문을 잠갔다(잠그었다) (I locked the door). ☞ 잠그었다 is commonly contracted to 잠궜다 but this is grammatically incorrect. 잠그다 follows the [[으 irregular verbs|으 irregular conjugation rule]] so the correct contracted form is 잠갔다. (잠그었다 → [[Vowel harmony|잠ㄱ었다 → 잠ㄱ았다]] → 잠갔다)<br />
*Passive: 문이 잠겼다(잠기었다) (The door was locked). ☞ Strictly speaking, 잠기다 is actually a 이 passive verb. (잠그다 + 이 → 잠그이다 → 잠ㄱ이다 → 잠기다).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Causative form]]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-21-passive-voice-part-1/ TTMIK - Lesson 21 (Passive voice - part 1)]<br />
* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-23-passive-voice-part-2/ TTMIK - Lesson 23 (Passive voice - part 2)]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formsPassive forms2023-06-10T21:14:15Z<p>DigitalSoju: inserted link to naver page</p>
<hr />
<div> If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs, <br />
look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and click on ''meanings'' (뜻풀이) or just [https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?range=meaning&query=%ED%94%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC click here].<br />
There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전). <br />
<br />
The passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Passive voice emphasizes the process rather than who is performing the action. In Korean this form is called 피동. There are few patterns to help distinguish between active and passive voices in Korean verbs. This makes this more difficult to learn than a regular Korean grammar rule.<br />
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Passive verbs still work as action verbs but now the object (that usually takes 을 or 를) has become the subject of the sentence (takes the particles: 이 or 가).<br />
*길'''을''' 막아요. [Traffic] blocks the road.<br />
*길'''이''' 막혀요. The road is blocked [by traffic]. (막히다 is much more common in this scenario)<br />
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Many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean. (Only using the passive form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*It looks fine. ☞ 괜찮아 '''보여요'''. [It] '''is seen''' to be fine.<br />
*It sounds like English. ☞ 영어처럼 '''들려요'''. [It] '''is heard''' like English.<br />
*I can't see the blackboard well. ☞ 칠판이 잘 안 '''보여요'''. The blackboard '''is''' not '''seen''' well (by me).<br />
*Can you hear my voice? ☞ 내 목소리 '''들리냐'''? '''Is''' my voice '''heard''' (by you)?<br />
*The game has begun. ☞ 게임이 '''시작되었다'''. The game has '''been begun'''. (A game can't begin something because it has no ability to decide. There must be a human who had decided to begin the game. The "game" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This book is selling very well. ☞ 이 책은 아주 잘 '''팔리고 있다'''. This book '''is being sold''' very well. (A book can't sell something because it's not a human. The "book" is passive, not active.)<br />
*The door is opening. ☞ 문이 '''열리고 있다'''. The door '''is being opened'''. (A door can't open something because it has no ability to decide. If a door is opening, there must be something else affecting the door such as wind, dogs, installed automatic mechanisms, etc. Even if it's a haunted door, it should be opened by a ghost inside it, not by the door itself. The "door" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This door locks automatically. ☞ 이 문은 자동으로 '''잠긴다'''. As for this door, (it) '''is locked''' automatically. (This door '''becomes locked''' automatically.)<br />
*This fruit peels easily. ☞ 이 과일은 껍질이 잘 '''벗겨진다'''. As for this fruit, the skin '''is peeled off''' easily.<br />
*This hospital is filling up. ☞ 이 병원이 '''채워지고 있다'''. This hospital '''is being filled up'''. (with new patients)<br />
*This battery is charging. ☞ 이 배터리가 '''충전되고 있다'''. This battery '''is being charged'''. (by me, or by the battery charger)<br />
*My body is shaking. ☞ 내 몸이 '''떨린다'''. My body '''is''' (being) '''shaken'''. (by my nervous system) (= My nervous system is shaking my body.)<br />
*The law of gravity applies to all objects. ☞ 중력의 법칙은 모든 물체에 '''적용된다'''. The law of gravity '''is applied''' to all objects. (We apply the law = The law is applied by us)<br />
*It feels like I am your teacher. ☞ 내가 마치 네 선생님인 것처럼 '''느껴진다'''. [It] '''is felt''' like I am your teacher. ("It" is a dummy subject. A dummy subject can't feel something because it is not a living being. "It" must have been felt by someone. English speakers might be used to these expressions, but this kind of nonsense has no place in Korean. It feels, a book sells, a game begins, a door opens, a door closes, it looks, etc.)<br />
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:※ In most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment nominative-accusative] languages, sentences like "The smoke feels acrid", "The soup is cooking now" don't make sense. (The correct sense is "The smoke is felt acridly = I feel the smoke acridly", "The soup is being cooked now = I am cooking the soup now") If "'''This book sells well'''" is correct, "'''This pizza eats well'''" should also be correct, because they have exactly the same structure. Do you really think they are equally correct? Some grammarians try to explain it as "middle voice", but English has no verb form for the middle voice, how can you tell it apart from the active voice? If I say "'''This chicken eats well'''", is the chicken dead or alive? Think about "'''This book sells well'''" again. Is the book dead or alive? <br><br />
:In many European languages, there are special rules when transitive verbs become intransitive. For example, in German, "'''This book sells well'''" doesn't make sense because there is no reflexive pronoun. In German, the sentence should be like "'''This book sells itself good'''". Without the reflexive pronoun "itself"("sich" in German), it sounds like the book is a living being that can sell something. That's the normal sense of nominative-accusative languages. In Russian, they conjugate the verb, the sentence should be like "'''This book well sellsся'''". (the suffix -ся indicates the verb is intransitive). In English, neither of those rules exists, it's just arbitrary. According to Wikipedia, English also is a nominative-accusative language, but it's an aberrant one because this kind of nonsense is considered acceptable. In other words, English often behaves like an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment ergative-absolutive] language. Korean is a typical nominative-accusative language, but English is a bizarre one randomly behaving like an ergative-absolutive language. Most English speakers have never heard of the terminology "ergative" and aren't even aware that they are arbitrarily switching objects into subjects, so you should be aware of it and learn the typical sense of a nominative-accusative language. This is a problem of the English language itself so you shouldn't blame Korean. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_verb ergative verb] for more information.<br />
<br />
:※ Korean also has a small number of ergative verbs. I will explain about these exceptions again.<br />
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:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님 : I your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님이다 : I am your teacher. <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 : (NOUN) that I am your teacher ("-인" is the attributive form of "-이다" meaning "be, am, are, is". "-이다" and "-인" both are present tense.) <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것 : the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 : like the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 느껴진다 : (It) is felt like the thing that I am your teacher. (느껴진다 (is felt) is present tense) <br> <br />
::마치 means "as if". You can put 마치 anywhere in the sentence or just omit it. Word order is not that important in Korean in the first place. You can also declare a topic with 나는(난) anywhere in the sentence. English speakers usually place much value on word order and try to focus on word order of Korean, because English is an analytic language in which word order is very important for understanding the meaning. Korean is not an analytic language, so you should change your method of approach. You should focus on how various suffixes are attached at the end of each word to assign their grammatical roles in a sentence, rather than word order. If you are not familiar with word order in Korean, you can practise in any word order you want. You can refine it later when you are more experienced. Even if you change word order as you want, Koreans will have no problem understanding your Korean though it might sound a bit unusual or eccentric. I am demonstrating this to show word order is actually kind of irrelevant in Korean. Destroy your stereotype given by your native language, and don't be afraid of being different about word order. <br><br />
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::나는 느껴진다 마치 내가 네 선생님인 것처럼. (Note: I feel it = It is felt by me) <br><br />
::나는(As for me) 느껴진다(it is felt) 마치(as if) 내가(I) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher am that) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
::The "-인" in "선생님인" is an attributive form as already explained, which means it has to be followed by a noun (in this case, 것). So, the word order "선생님인 것처럼" is typically fixed and can't be changed (unless you are making an inversion of word order for some kind of literary expression). They are kind of bound by the suffix "-인". <br><br />
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::This is another possible translation. (Note: I feel myself(me) = I am felt by me)<br />
::나는(As for me) 내가(I) 느껴진다(am felt) 마치(as if) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher being) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
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Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)<br />
*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.) <br />
*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.<br />
<br />
Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)<br />
*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.<br />
*I was told that you were my son. (If I have to translate "be told", it would be 말해지다 or 이야기되다 but these expressions are unnatural in Korean) ☞ 네가 내 아들이라고 들었다. ([I] heard that you were my son.)<br />
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:※ Think about this sentence "He gave me a book." In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object (accusative case, -을/-를), and "me" is the indirect object (dative case, -에게). If you change word order (He gave a book me), it is wrong that's why English is an analytic language. Unlike English, Korean uses specific suffixes (-을/-를 vs. -에게) to distinguish between them, so word order doesn't matter. In English, both of them ("a book" and "me") can be the subject of the passive voice ('''a book''' was given to me , '''I''' was given a book), but in Korean, only the direct object "a book" can be the subject of the passive verb. In Korean, the indirect object is not even called "object", it's the dative case that is completely different. <br><br />
:"I was given" has two possible meanings, it's an ambiguous expression. It can be either "someone gave something to me" or "someone gave me to another person (I am like a human slave that can be gifted to others)". In Korean, "I was given (내가 주어졌다)" only means the second translation (I am a slave), because the subject "I" must be the direct object of the active verb "give". This kind of grammatical ambiguity doesn't exist in Korean, and it applies to all other Korean verbs. "I was told" only means "someone told about me (to another person)" so "I was told (a story)" doesn't make sense in Korean. It has to be "a story was told (to me)" in the passive voice (if I have to make a passive voice English sentence that can be literally translated into Korean).<br />
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:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::네가 내 아들 : you my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다 : You are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다라고 : (VERB) that "You are my son" <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son (If "아들" doesn't have an ending consonant, -이라고 becomes -라고. For example, 친구 + (이)라고 → 친구라고)<br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣다 : to hear that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣는다 : Hear(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣겠다 : Would hear that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었다 : Heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었겠다 : Would have heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하다 : to say that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 한다 : Say(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 : (NOUN) that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기 : a story that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기를 들었다 : Heard a story that says that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라는 얘기를 들었다 (Contracted from the previous sentence, same meaning) <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 (The above sentence can be even further contracted, that is similar to the actual colloquial language. See the shrinking process "아들이라고 하는" → "아들이라는" → "아들이란", and "이야기를" → "얘기를" → "얘길". This kind of process happens all the time in Korean, and it is key to understanding the actual spoken language.) <br><br />
::If you want to clarify the subject who heard the story, declare a topic with 나는(난). <br><br />
::난 네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 : As for me, (I) heard a story that says that you are my son. (This final sentence looks simple, but it has quite a complex structure, especially in the "아들이란" part.)<br />
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This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it due to its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.<br />
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<br />
OK, let's begin with easy forms. When verbs add -어지다, they become passive. When verbs add -게 하다, they become causative.<br />
*만들다 : to make (something)<br />
*만들어지다 : to be made : (만들 + 어지다)<br />
*만들게 하다 : to make/let someone make (something) : (만들 + 게 하다)<br />
*느끼다 : to feel (something)<br />
*느껴지다 : to be felt : (느끼 + 어지다. Try to pronounce 느끼어지다 fast then you get 느껴지다)<br />
*느끼게 하다 : to make/let someone feel (something) : (느끼 + 게 하다)<br />
*잇다 : to connect (something)<br />
*이어지다 : to be connected : (이 + 어지다. This verb follows the [[ㅅ irregular verbs|ㅅ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*잇게 하다 : to make/let someone connect (something) : (잇 + 게 하다)<br />
:※ The "pronounce fast and get something" rule applies to all verbs except for the irregular [[으 irregular verbs|으 dropping verbs]]. You can see an irregular example of 잠그다 at the end of this page.<br />
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굽다 has two meanings and their conjugational forms are different.<br />
*굽다1 : to bend itself (intransitive verb) - ''or'' - to be bent/stooped (adjective)<br />
*굽어지다 : to (naturally) become bent/stooped : (This "naturally" means "not by someone intentionally")<br />
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:※ Intransitive verbs, such as 굽다1, 죽다, 숨다, 남다, ordinarily can't take the passive ending -어지다, so 굽어지다 is grammatically problematic. (It's the same in English. Intransitive verbs, such as ''remain'', ''happen'', ''die'', cannnot be passive.) To solve this issue, the Korea university Korean dictionary (고려대 한국어대사전) separates 굽다1 into two different words: 굽다1 as a verb (to bend itself) and 굽다1 as an adjective (to be bent/stooped). When 굽다1 is an adjective, 굽어지다 (to become bent/stooped) makes sense. Technically, "adjective + 어지다" is not the passive form but it is practically not distinguished from the "verb + 어지다" passive form. I will explain about adjectives again.<br />
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*굽게 하다1 (?) : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (-게 하다 is always causative. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 굽히다. It seems the Bible in Korean version uses this 굽게 하다 because it gives a unique unusual nuance.)<br />
*굽히다 : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (This -히 is causative)<br />
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative -히 + passive -어지다. Try to pronounce 굽히어지다 fast then you get 굽혀지다.)<br />
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*굽다2 : to bake (something)<br />
*굽히다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 굽다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.) <br />
*구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]]. Try to pronounce 구우어지다 fast then you get 구워지다.)<br />
*굽게 하다2 : to make/let someone bake (something) : (-게 하다 is always causative. Since 굽게 하다1 is hardly used, you can assume 굽게 하다 is this thing in most cases)<br />
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In the example above, -히 is a causative suffix, but it can be a passive suffix either in many other verbs.<br />
*먹다 : to eat<br />
*먹어지다 (?) : to be eaten : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 먹히다. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*먹히다 : to be eaten : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*먹혀지다 (X) : to be eaten : (passive -히 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*먹이다 (먹게 하다) : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (This -이 is causative)<br />
*먹여지다 : to be fed : (causative -이 + passive -어지다. This is correct but hardly used.)<br />
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:※ To be precise, the exact meaning of 먹어지다 and 먹히다 is slightly different. It's so subtle, very hard to explain in English. Let's say you are trying to eat a metal spoon now (it looks physically impossible to chew and swallow), then I would say 그게 먹어져요? (Can it be eaten?), but I wouldn't say 그게 먹혀요? (Is it eaten?). -어지다 can imply "(physically) possible" in some verbs.<br />
:※ In Korean, "I was fed (내가 먹여졌다)" means "I became food for an animal (and I was thrown into the mouth of the animal)", because the subject of the passive verb must be the direct object of the active verb. (I have already explained about it at the beginning of this page.) Hence, "내가 먹여졌다 (I was fed)" doesn't make sense and you'll never see it in Korean. If you have to use 먹여지다, the expression should be like "나에게(to me) 밥이(rice) 먹여졌다(was fed)". The subject has to be some sort of food. After all, Koreans rarely use the verb 먹여지다 in the first place.<br />
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For many verbs, the passive and the causative forms are morphologically identical.<br />
*보다 : to see<br />
*보아지다 (봐지다) (?) : to be seen : (-아지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 보이다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*보이다1 : to be seen : (This -이 is passive)<br />
*보여지다1 (X) : to be seen : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*보이다2 (보게 하다) : to make/let someone see , to show : (This -이 is causative. To avoid confusion, 보여주다 (보이다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases)<br />
*보여지다2 : to be shown : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 마침내 그 끔찍한 진실이 관객들에게 보여졌다: Finally, the horrendous truth was shown to the audience)<br />
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*듣다 : to hear : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*들어지다 (?) : to be heard : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 들리다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*들리다1 : to be heard : (This -리 is passive)<br />
*들려지다1 (X) : to be heard : (passive -리 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*들리다2 (듣게 하다) : to make/let someone hear, to tell(when talking) : (This -리 is causative. To avoid confusion, 들려주다 (들리다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases) : (e.g. 내 노래를 들려줄게 (듣게 해줄게): I'll let you hear my song)<br />
*들려지다2 : passive form of 들리다2 : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 너의 노래가 나에게 들려졌다: Your song was told(heard) to me)<br />
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:※ 들리다1 is simply "to be heard" whereas 들려지다2 is like someone is deliberately moving the source of the sound to your ears because he wants you to hear it. Likewise, 보이다1 is simply "to be seen" whereas 보여지다2(to be shown) is like someone is deliberately moving something in front of your eyes because he wants you to see it. If you can notice the difference between "진실이 보였다 (the truth was seen)" and "진실이 보여졌다 (the truth was shown)", you can also know the difference between "너의 노래가 들렸다 (your song was heard)" and "너의 노래가 들려졌다 (your song was VERB)". I think there is no adequate verb for 들려지다2 in English, so you should imagine it. The closest approximation is "your song was told to me (you caused me to hear it)".<br />
:※ In the Gyeongsang and Hamgyŏng dialects, 듣기다 is used instead of 들리다1. In these dialects, 듣기다(passive) and 들리다(causative) are different. Any dialect is the correct Korean language.<br />
:※ The passive ending -어지다 changed to -아지다 in 보아지다. If you don't know why it changes, see [[Vowel harmony]].<br />
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Many verbs have two possible passive forms but only one of them is preferred in most cases. (The less preferred one might even sound unnatural) For some verbs, however, the two passive forms are equally preferred, either one is fine.<br />
*믿다 : to believe<br />
*믿기다 : to be believed : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*믿어지다 : to be believed : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*믿겨지다 (X) : to be believed : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*믿게 하다 : to make/let someone believe something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*끊다 : to cut<br />
*끊기다 : to be cut : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*끊어지다 : to be cut : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*끊겨지다 (X) : to be cut : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*끊게 하다 : to make/let someone cut something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form)<br />
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:※ 끊다 has another passive-alike form 끊이다. This word is almost only used in negative forms "끊이지 않다 (never be cut/stopped, constantly continuous)" , "끊임(이) 없다 (there is no cutting/stopping, constantly continuous)".<br />
:※ If you are trying to cut a rope with your bare hands (it looks physically impossible), I would say 그게 끊어져요? (Can it be cut?) but I wouldn't say 그게 끊겨요? (Is it cut?). It's the same thing in 먹어지다 and 먹히다 mentioned above. There is a subtle difference between them.<br />
:※ To be precise, there are many more ways to express causative, like -게 만들다, -게끔 하다, -게끔 만들다, -도록 하다, -도록 만들다 (they may have different nuances), but the basic syntactic causative form is -게 하다.<br />
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There are some verbs that even most native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.<br />
*잊다 : to forget<br />
*잊히다 : to be forgotten : (passive -히)<br />
*잊어지다 : to be forgotten : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*잊혀지다 (X) : to be forgotten : (A double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong.)<br />
*잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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Not to be confused with the normal causative+passive forms. (They look like the double passive forms, but they are different.)<br />
*남다 : to remain : (intransitive)<br />
*남기다 (남게 하다) : to make/let something remain, to leave something : (causative -기. Not to be confused with 떠나다 meaning "to depart, to leave")<br />
*남겨지다 : to be left : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*숨다 : to hide : (intransitive)<br />
*숨기다 (숨게 하다) : to make/let something hide, to hide something : (causative -기)<br />
*숨겨지다 : to become hidden by someone : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
:※ 숨어라(숨다 + 어라) and 숨겨라(숨기다 + 어라) are both imperative sentences without an object but they have different meanings. 숨어라 means "Hide (yourself)", whereas 숨겨라 means "Hide it". Even if there is no object, 숨겨라 indicates there must be an object (but it's just omitted), whereas 숨어라 indicates there can't be an object because 숨다 is an intransitive verb. In English, these two verbs are not distinguished so you can't omit the object in "Hide it". In Korean, you don't have to say 그것을 숨겨라(Hide it). Just 숨겨라 is totally fine because we already know there must be an omitted object. If I say "Die!" you can know it means "Die (yourself)" because "die" is an intransitive verb and there can't be an object, but if I say "Kill!", you can know there must be an object but it's just omitted. It's the same thing.<br />
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*알다 : to know (something) : (this verb follows the [[ㄹ irregular verbs|ㄹ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*알리다 (알게 하다) : to make/let someone know (something), to inform, to notify : (causative -리)<br />
*알려지다 : to be informed, to become known : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 닐 암스트롱의 이름이 세상에 알려졌다: Neil Armstrong's name was informed (became known) throughout the world)<br />
:※ In English, "Neil Armstrong was informed" sounds like "something was informed (to Neil Armstrong)", so I used "Neil Armstrong's name" as the subject in order to eliminate the ambiguity. In Korean, "닐 암스트롱이 알려졌다 (Neil Armstrong was informed)" only means "someone informed (us) about Neil Armstrong". The subject "Neil Armstrong" must be the direct object of the active verb "inform".<br />
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:※ I translated "알려졌다" to "was informed (became known)" as the simple past tense. Then how to make it into the present perfect aspect "has been informed (has become known)" in Korean? In many cases, Korean doesn't particularly distinguish the present perfect from the simple past tense, but there are several ways to express it if you want to. The simplest way is using the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. <br><br />
:: 알려져 있다 : (it) currently exists in a state of informed <br><br />
:: 알려진 상태로 있다 : (when we want to emphasize the '''current state''') <br><br />
:: 알려진 채로 있다 : (this is known to be the closest approximation to the literal meaning of the present perfect in English. I don't recommend using this in actual Korean because it sounds a bit unnatural.) <br><br />
: From Korean's perspective, the simple past tense is just fine, because simple past is kind of present perfect as well. The past tense ending [[았/었_%2B_다|-었다/-았다]] is derived from [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] in the first place. For example, 죽었다(died) was originally 죽어 있다(have died). They were originally the same thing but in modern Korean, they are considered different. 죽었다 is technically "present tense + perfect aspect". That's why some Korean linguists still argue that Korean doesn't have a true past tense. If we compare 남았다(remained) with 남아 있다(remaining), the difference between them is so vague, they are almost the same meaning. This example clearly shows that -었다/-았다 is not a genuine past tense. "I am handsome" is "나는 잘생겼다" in Korean. In this sentence, 잘생겼다(잘생기었다) has a past tense ending -었다, it doesn't make any sense. But if you know 잘생겼다 is originally 잘생겨 있다 (exist in a state of being handsome), now it does make sense. It's actually a present tense, not the past tense.<br><br />
: In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, the past tense suffix -었/-았 didn't even exist. -더 was the original past tense suffix. -더 is the real past tense suffix. -더 is still used in -던, -던데, -더라, -더라도, -더니, -더라니, -더라고, etc. The present perfect -어/-아 있다 existed first and then the simple past -었다/-았다 branched out from it and replaced the original past tense -더. In modern Korean, -었다/-았다 is considered the simple past (in a loose sense), but it is still like the present perfect because of its origin.<br />
: '''Conclusion''': In a loose sense, -었다/-았다 is generally considered the simple past tense, but to be more precise, it's often more like the present perfect in English (present tense perfect aspect). In other words, -었다/-았다 has two possible meanings and it depends on the context, it's kind of ambiguous. If you want to clarify it, you should use 알려져 있다 (has become known: his name is still famous) or 알려졌었다 (≈ 알려져 있었다, had become known: his name was once famous but not anymore).<br />
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:※ Note that only '''intransitive verbs''' can be the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. For example, 먹다(to eat something) is a transitive verb (it can have a direct object), so 먹어 있다 and 먹어 있었다 are wrong. Only 먹었다 and 먹었었다 are correct. 남다 is an intransitive verb (it can't have a direct object), so 남아 있다 and 남아 있었다 are possible. 남기다 is a transitive verb (all causative verbs can have a direct object, so they are transitive) so 남겨 있다 and 남겨 있었다 are wrong. 남겨지다 is an intransitive verb (all passive verbs can't have a direct object, so they are intransitive) so 남겨져 있다 and 남겨져 있었다 are correct. (There are some exceptions. Some verbs, such as 찔리다, 빼앗기다, 잡히다1, can have a direct object even though they are passive verbs.)<br />
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Some verbs seldom take the -어/아지다 ending. These exceptional verbs need some special passive forms.<br />
*죽다 : to die<br />
*죽이다 : to make/let someone die , to kill : (causative -이)<br />
*죽여지다 (?) : to be killed (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 죽이다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*죽임을 당하다 : to be killed (by a murderer) : (causative -이 + nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
*죽음을 당하다 : to be killed : (If someone is accidentally killed, you should use this form. Notice the causative suffix -이 has been removed. It means either he was murdered or accidentally killed. Maybe it's hard to tell if someone caused the death on purpose and is responsible for it. For example, he may have been killed by a wild animal, or killed by a natural disaster, or killed by an unavoidable car accident. Or he may have incurred his own death, for example, he may have been legally executed for his crime, or got cancer because of his bad habit.)<br />
*사망(死亡)하다 : to die : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)하다 : to kill : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)당하다 (살해당하다 or 살해를 당하다) : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*피살(被殺)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
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*놀리다 : to tease : (This 놀리다 looks like it's suffixed with -리, but it already is a word. 놀다 has a causative form 놀리다2 but it is a different word.)<br />
*놀려지다 (?) : to be teased (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 놀리다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*놀림을 받다 (놀림받다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다)<br />
*놀림을 당하다 (놀림당하다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
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*가르치다 : to teach<br />
*가르쳐지다 : (for something) to be taught : (The subject is the '''direct object''' of the active verb. For example, "영어가 가르쳐져야 한다: The English language should be taught")<br />
*가르침을 받다 : (for someone) to be taught : (The subject is the '''indirect object''' of the active verb. For example, "학생들이 가르침을 받았다: The students were taught")<br />
:※ Although 가르쳐지다 is correct, Koreans hardly use it. The active voice sentence "영어를 가르쳐야 한다(Should teach English)" is much more common.<br />
:※ An indirect object of a verb generally cannot be the subject of the passive verb, but the verb 가르치다 is an exceptional case. When the direct object 영어를 is omitted, 학생들에게(indirect object) can become 학생들을(direct object), so that it can be the subject of the passive verb.<br />
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묻다 has three meanings and each of them has different conjugational forms.<br />
*묻다1 : to bury<br />
*묻히다1 : to be buried : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*묻어지다 : to be buried : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*묻혀지다1 (X) : to be buried : (passive -히 + passive -어지다, this usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*묻게 하다 : to make/let someone bury something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*묻다2 : to be smeared with : (intransitive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻었다 : My hands were smeared with blood)<br />
*묻게 하다 (?) : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (causative -게 하다. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 묻히다2.)<br />
*묻히다2 : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (This -히 is causative. Note that the previous 묻히다1 is passive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피를 묻혔다 : Smeared my hands with blood)<br />
*묻혀지다2 : passive form of 묻히다2 : (causative -히 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻혀졌다 : My hands were smeared with blood (by someone intentionally))<br />
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*묻다3 : to question : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*물어지다 (?) : to be questioned (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 묻다3, but this is not used. It sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*물음을 받다 : to be questioned : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다) : (This is the correct passive form of 묻다3)<br />
*질문(質問)을 받다 : to be questioned : (This Sino-Korean alternative is more frequently used than 물음을 받다)<br />
*물어보게 하다 : to make/let someone question something : (causative form in -게 하다. Theoretically, it should be 묻게 하다 but this can be misunderstood as the 묻다1 verb.)<br />
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:※ In English, the word "question" could be either a noun or a verb without changing its form, but this kind of flexibility doesn't exist in Korean. It is called "zero derivation" and it inevitably causes grammatical ambiguities, and makes the language resort to word order to figure out whether it is a verb or a noun, that's an analytic language. A noun and a verb can't have the same form in Korean. There is no exception. For example, 사랑 is a noun and its verb form is 사랑하다. 물음 is a noun and its verb form is 묻다.<br />
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Adjectives can also become passive and causative verbs.<br />
*낮다 : be(is) low : (adjective)<br />
*낮아지다 : to become low : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*낮추다 : to make something be low , to lower something : (낮다 + causative -추)<br />
*낮춰지다 : to become lowered by someone : (causative -추 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*높다 : be(is) high : (adjective)<br />
*높아지다 : to become high : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*높이다 : to make something be high , to raise something : (높다 + causative -이)<br />
*높여지다 : to become raised by someone : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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:※ To be precise, -어/-아지다 means "to become" when it is attached to adjectives, so 낮아지다 and 높아지다 shouldn't be called "passive form" but they look exactly like the -어/-아지다 passive form.<br />
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Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.<br />
*자다 : to sleep<br />
*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*재워지다 : passive form of 재우다 : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*차다1 : to fill (intransitive. 차다 has many meanings and their conjugational forms are different by each meaning, as in 묻다 explained above.)<br />
*채우다1 (차게 하다1) : to make something filled, to fill something : (차 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*채워지다1 : to be filled : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*서다 : to stand<br />
*세우다 (서게 하다) : to make/let something stand, to erect something : (서 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*세워지다 : to be erected : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Some verbs have multiple causative forms.<br />
*눕다 : to lie (down) : (intransitive)<br />
*눕게 하다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -게 하다)<br />
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*눕히다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -히)<br />
*눕혀지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -히 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*누이다 (뉘다) : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (눕다 + 이 → [[ㅂ irregular verbs|눕이다 → 누우이다]] → 누이다 → 뉘다)<br />
*누여지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Double causative forms are possible and correct.<br />
*죽이다 (죽게 하다) : to make someone die, to kill<br />
*죽이게 하다 : to make someone kill (causative -이 + causative -게 하다) : (e.g. "Hey John, kill Lisa" → I made John make Lisa die)<br />
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*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make someone sleep<br />
*재우게 하다 : to make someone1 make someone2 sleep : (e.g. "Hey Lisa, put me to sleep" → I made Lisa make me sleep)<br />
:※ I made John make Lisa die = 나는 John이 Lisa를 죽이게 했다<br />
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The [[르 irregular verbs]] follow a special pattern.<br />
*구르다 : to roll (itself)<br />
*굴리다 : to make something roll, to roll something : (causative -리)<br />
*굴려지다 : passive form of 굴리다<br />
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*누르다 : to press<br />
*눌리다 : to be pressed : (passive -리)<br />
*눌러지다 : to be pressed : (passive -어지다)<br />
*눌려지다 (X) : to be pressed : (double passive, this is wrong)<br />
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:※ 굴리다 and 눌리다 have the same pattern, seemingly they are easy. However, 굴리다 is causative, 눌리다 is passive. When the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are attached, there is no specific way to know which one is passive and which one is causative. You have to just memorize them whenever you encounter new words. You have to look up in a dictionary to know if they are passive or causative. If you find this grammar part very confusing, it is normal. I guess you are doing well. Welcome to the most illogical and absurd part of Korean. This part will be the final hurdle on the road to master Korean grammar. I will explain in detail again.<br />
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Some passive verbs don't have their active forms. For example, 고이다 works like a passive verb (passive -이), but its expected active form 고다 or 고으다 is not used. 고다2 that you can find in the Korean dictionary is a homonym, a different word. What's more, the passive form of 고다2 is 고아지다 (고다 + -아지다), not 고이다2. In short,<br />
*고다1 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*고이다1 : to be gathered and form a puddle : (passive -이) : (e.g. 눈물이 고였다 : Tears were gathered and formed a puddle)<br />
*고여지다 (X) : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive.)<br />
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*고다2 : to boil meat or bone for a long time and extract juice from it<br />
*고이다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 고다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.)<br />
*고아지다 : to be boiled : (고다2 + passive -아지다)<br />
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:※ ''form'' and ''gather'' are both ergative verbs. (There are a ton of ergative verbs in English.) Remember, in Korean, you must use passive and forget about ergative.<br />
:: Tears formed in my eyes : (ergative)<br />
:: Tears were formed in my eyes (by my lacrimal glands) : (passive)<br />
:: My lacrimal glands formed tears in my eyes : (active)<br />
:: People gathered : (ergative)<br />
:: People were gathered : (passive)<br />
:: Something gathered people : (active)<br />
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멈추다 and 움직이다 are exceptional verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive(ergative) without changing their forms. They are pretty much like the ergative verbs in English.<br />
*멈다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*멈추다1 : to make something stop, to stop something : (This -추 works like a causative suffix although 멈다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 멈췄다(멈추었다) : I stopped the car)<br />
*멈추다2 : to stop (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 멈췄다(멈추었다) : The car stopped)<br />
*멈춰지다 (멈추어지다) : to be stopped : (causative -추 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 멈춰졌다(멈추어지었다) : The car was stopped)<br />
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*움직다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*움직이다1 : to make something move, to move something : (This -이 works like a causative suffix although 움직다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 움직였다(움직이었다) : I moved the car)<br />
*움직이다2 : to move (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 움직였다(움직이었다) : The car moved)<br />
*움직여지다 (움직이어지다) : to be moved : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 움직여졌다(움직이어지었다) : The car was moved)<br />
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:※ As you can see, 멈추다 and 움직이다 work exactly like the English verbs ''stop'' and ''move'' which are ergative verbs. 차(the car) can be either a subject or an object but the verbs (멈추- and 움직이-) remain the same. You can also use the passive verbs 멈춰지다(멈추어지다) and 움직여지다(움직이어지다), but they are unnecessary in many cases, just like ''be stopped'' and ''be moved'' are in English. These two verbs must be very easy to learn for English speakers.<br />
:※ If 멈추다 and 움직이다 were regular verbs, the intransitive verbs should be 멈다 and 움직다, not 멈추다2 and 움직이다2. That's why they are exceptional cases. (Note: 멈추다2 can be replaced with 멎다, which is the original intransitive verb)<br />
:※ Korean ergative verbs : 멈추다, 움직이다, 그치다, 마치다, 다치다, 뭉치다, 풍기다, 다하다, 상하다, 반짝이다, 내리다, 울리다, 불다, 휘다, 데다, 시작하다, 작동하다, 정지하다 (In many cases, these verbs don't work ergatively, so you should check their specific usages.)<br />
:※ In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, Korean had a lot more ergative verbs. For example, in Middle Korean, 문이 열다(a door opens) was correct, but in modern Korean, you must use the passive verb 열리다 (문이 열리다 : a door gets opened). For hundreds of years, Korean has been ditching its ergative constructions and evolving into a true nominative-accusative language. The evolution is still ongoing. For example, I introduced 마치다 as an ergative verb, but its ergative usage is nearly obsolete now. It's safe to assume 마치다 is just a regular verb. (Technically, 일을 마치다 and 일이 마치다 both are correct, but the ergative sentence 일이 마치다 is nearly obsolete and some may even consider it unnatural. In the near future, only 일이 마쳐지다(passive -어지다) will be considered correct.) 시작하다 is also an ergative verb and its ergative usage is nearly obsolete. At the beginning of this page, I explained that only "게임이 시작됐다(시작되었다)" is correct, but technically "게임이 시작했다(시작하였다)" is also correct (no one would speak like that nowadays).<br />
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Verbs that end with -나다, such as 끝나다, 빛나다, are often explained as passive verbs, but they're not that easy to explain and can be controversial. You can simply treat them as intransitive verbs. All -나다 verbs are intransitive, and when the causative suffix -이 is attached, they become transitive -내다. [나다 + causative -이 → 나이다 → 내다] <br />
*끝나다 : to end (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 시험이 끝났다 : The exam ended)<br />
*끝내다 (끝나게 하다) : to make something end, to end something, to finish something : (e.g. 시험을 끝냈다 : (I) finished the exam)<br />
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*고장 나다 : to break (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 : My computer broke down)<br />
*고장 내다 (고장 나게 하다) : to make something break, to break something : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터를 고장 냈다 : (I) broke my computer)<br />
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*빛나다 : to shine (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*빛내다 (빛나게 하다) : to make something shine<br />
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*드러나다 : to be revealed : (This is supposed to be an intransitive verb but I translated to a passive verb because the English verb ''reveal'' doesn't work as an intransitive verb. There is no object anyway.)<br />
*드러내다 (드러나게 하다) : to reveal something<br />
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*나타나다 : to show up (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*나타내다 (나타나게 하다) : to make something show up, to represent something<br />
:※ For some reason, 고장나다 and 고장내다 have not become words in the standard Korean dictionary, so technically we are supposed to put a space like 고장(이) 나다 and 고장(을) 내다, but most Koreans are not bothered about it. This is not important so don't mind it.<br />
:※ Double causative forms like "끝내게 하다, 빛내게 하다" are also possible. I have already explained about the double causative forms.<br />
:※ Many -나다 verbs, such as 기억나다, 깨어나다, don't have -내다 form. (기억내다, 깨어내다 are wrong. You must use the alternative causative form 기억나게 하다, 깨어나게 하다.)<br />
:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.<br />
:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)<br />
:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)<br />
:: 화내다 : to openly vent one's anger : (In this case, 화내다 is not a causative form of 화나다.)<br />
:: 화내게 하다 : to make someone openly vent his anger : (causative -게 하다. This is not a double causative form.)<br />
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When verbs have a -하다 (to do) ending, the conjugations are different from the rules above. Most Hanja words (Chinese loanwords) belong to this part.<br />
When 하다 verbs have a monosyllabic stem, they tend to take the -어/-아지다 ending. <br><br />
Note that the 하다 verb itself is irregular. <br><br />
[하다 + -어/-아지다 → 하여지다 → 해지다]<br />
*칠하다 : to paint<br />
*칠해지다 (칠하여지다) : to be painted<br />
*정하다 : to decide<br />
*정해지다 (정하여지다) : to be decided<br />
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Note that there are many exceptions, this is not an established principle. For example, 변하다 (to change) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so it can't take the passive ending -어/-아지다. If you use 변해지다 which is wrong, Koreans will instantly notice that you are not a native speaker. The native Korean counterpart to "to change", 바꾸다, has a normal passive form 바뀌다(바꾸이다). In short,<br />
*변하다 : to change (itself) : (intransitive)<br />
*바꾸다 : to change (something) : (active)<br />
*바뀌다 : to be changed : (passive)<br />
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바뀌다 and 변하다 are kind of interchangeable. For example,<br />
*내 마음이 바뀌었다(My mind was changed) ≈ 내 마음이 변했다(My mind changed) : 내 마음(my mind) is the subject of the sentence<br />
바꾸다(active) can't be replaced with 변하다.<br />
*[I] Changed my mind = 내 마음을 바꾸었다(바꿨다) : 내 마음(my mind) is the object of the sentence<br />
:※ If you want the stem 변 to be transitive, you must use other correct transitive verbs such as 변경하다, 변화시키다.<br />
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When 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they don't add the -어/-아지다 ending. Instead, the 하다 ending changes to 되다 or 받다 or 당하다. (You should memorize which one to use for individual verbs. Some verbs can take two out of the three.)<br />
*결정하다 : to decide<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided (Note: 결정하다 is a synonym of 정하다 above, the only difference is the prefix 결, but they follow different rules.)<br />
*사랑하다 : to love<br />
*사랑받다 (사랑을 받다) : to be loved (받다 means "to receive")<br />
*구타하다 : to beat up<br />
*구타당하다 (구타를 당하다) : to be beaten up (당하다 means "to undergo/suffer")<br />
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Note that Korean adjectives can have -하다 ending too, but the 하다 in adjectives is a different thing and doesn't mean "to do". The conjugation are also different. They take the -어/-아지다 and the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] endings like verbs, but the 시키다 causative form is not used. This poses another difficulty because 하다 verbs and adjectives look the same, so you can't determine if they are verbs or adjectives unless you look up in a dictionary. You should first figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, then you can apply correct conjugation rules.<br />
*깨끗하다 : be(is) clean : (adjective)<br />
*깨끗해지다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 되다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 하다 : to make/let something be(is) clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*깨끗해지게 하다 : to make/let something become clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
:※ Note: For 하다 adjectives, whether the stem is monosyllabic or polysyllabic doesn't matter. It is always "하다 → 해지다" and "하다 → 하게 되다". (It only matters to 하다 verbs)<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs, such as 좋아하다, 싫어하다, don't have any passive form.<br />
*좋아하다 (좋다 + -아하다) : to like : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*싫어하다 (싫다 + -어하다) : to dislike : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*무서워하다 (무섭다 + -어하다) : to fear : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
:※ 무섭다(to be scary) follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
:※ You've just been taught that the passive form of 하다 is 해지다(하여지다) or 되다/받다/당하다. You might expect the passive form of 좋아하다 would be 좋아해지다 or 좋아되다/좋아받다/좋아당하다. None of these are correct.<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs have possible passive forms.<br />
*귀여워하다 (귀엽다 + -어하다) : to adore<br />
*귀여움받다 (귀여움을 받다) : to be adored<br />
*미워하다 (밉다 + -어하다) : to hate<br />
*미움받다 (미움을 받다) : to be hated<br />
:※ 귀엽다(to be cute) and 밉다(to be detestable) follow the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
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The causative form of 하다 is 시키다.<br />
*실행하다 : to carry out<br />
*실행시키다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
*실행하게 하다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
:※ Note: Only when 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they can take -시키다. For example, 변하다 is a verb but the stem 변 is monosyllabic, so 변시키다 is wrong, you must use 변하게 하다. 깨끗하다 is an adjective, so 깨끗시키다 is wrong.<br />
:※ Note: Many 하다 verbs with a polysyllabic stem don't take -시키다. For example, 사랑하다 is a verb and the stem 사랑 is polysyllabic, (it meets all the conditions to take -시키다) but 사랑시키다 is not used. -하게 하다 can be applied universally.<br />
:※ "I ran Photoshop on my computer" Does this sentence really make sense? From Korean's perspective, I think this sentence is a little bit weird. (I mean it's mostly fine and still fully comprehensible but there is a more decent way to describe it.) You are a human so you can't run the Photoshop program designed for computer machines. The agent that runs Photoshop is your computer, not yourself. All you are doing is just making your computer run Photoshop. (포토샵을 실행시켰다 : (I) made (my computer) run Photoshop - ''or'' - (I) made Photoshop run (itself on my computer)) (There are two possible translations. The direct object of 시키다 is kind of ambiguous.)<br />
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Note that (하)게 하다 and (하)게 되다 are different. (하)게 하다 is a causative form for verbs and adjectives, (하)게 되다 is like "to become" for adjectives. When verbs take (하)게 되다, the meaning is slightly different. It's like "end up doing / get to do".<br />
*결정하다 : to decide : (verb)<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided : (verb)<br />
*결정하게 하다 : to make/let someone decide something : (-게 하다 causative. The 시키다 causative form is not used for this verb)<br />
*결정되게 하다 : to make/let something be decided : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*결정하게 되다 : to end up deciding something , to get to decide something<br />
*결정되게 되다 : to end up being decided : (Same with other non-되다 passive verbs. For example, [정해지게 되다 : to end up being decided] , [구타당하게 되다 : to end up being beaten up] , [먹히게 되다 : to end up being eaten])<br />
*결정해지다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 결정하다 is a verb and the stem 결정 is polysyllabic.)<br />
*익숙하다 : be(is) accustomed : (adjective)<br />
*익숙하게 되다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지게 하다 : to make/let someone become accustomed : (verb, -게 하다 causative)<br />
*익숙되다, 익숙받다, 익숙당하다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 익숙하다 is an adjective.)<br />
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In short, the conjugations for the passive and the causative forms vary with individual verbs, but there are some patterns. (Most passive verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기 or -어/-아지다 or -되다/-받다/-당하다. Most causative verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기, -우 ,-구, -추 or -게 하다 or -시키다). The three suffixes -우, -구, -추 are unconditionally causative, so they are no problem, but the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are particularly tricky as they could be either passive or causative (or sometimes both). Let's see possible scenarios.<br />
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:⑴ When adjectives are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (넓다(to be wide) is an adjective so you can expect 넓히다(to widen something) is causative.) <br><br />
:⑵ When intransitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (얼다(to freeze) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so you can expect 얼리다(to freeze something) is causative) <br><br />
:⑶ When transitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, you need a Korean dictionary to figure them out. <br><br />
:: ① Case one : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only passive (잊히다, 끊기다, 믿기다, 밀리다, 모이다, 쌓이다, etc) <br><br />
:: ② Case two : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only causative (알리다, 넘기다, 맞히다, 입히다, 맡기다, 신기다, etc) <br><br />
:: ③ Case three : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in the same form (보이다, 들리다, 업히다, 뜯기다, 읽히다, 털리다, etc) <br><br />
:: ④ Case four : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in different forms (먹히다-먹이다) <br><br />
:: ⑤ Case five : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative depending on the meaning of the stem (묻히다1 is only passive, but 묻히다2 is only causative. 불리다, 물리다, 들리다, etc can be many different meanings.) (묻다2 is intransitive, by the way) <br><br />
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If you come across those words that you don't know, you can't really determine whether they are passive or causative unless you look up in a Korean dictionary, because the meaning of those four suffixes in individual verbs is arbitrary. (If you come across a "-ed" suffixed English word that you don't know, you can soon figure out that it is a past tense suffix for a verb, but you can't determine the function of the four Korean suffixes without a Korean dictionary) Besides, when they have the -하다 ending, you have to figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, because verbs and adjectives follow different rules despite looking exactly the same things. That's why many Korean materials for foreigners skip over this grammar part. They (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) often say "Passive verbs are not much used in Korean" or "Passive verbs are not as common as the passive voice in English". The first argument is wrong. Passive verbs are very common in Korean in fact. The second argument might be true in many cases, but I'm dubious about whether it's concluded from any valid statistics. As previously shown, many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean, but it is often ignored. It seems like many Koreans aren't even aware that they are actually speaking in the passive form. I have never seen someone explain 믿기지 않다 or 믿어지지 않다 or 믿겨지지 않다 as the passive form. Most people just explain it as "can't believe". That's how you end up thinking the passive form is not common in Korean without understanding the underlying grammar structure. Depending on the situation, the passive form in Korean could be even more common than the passive voice in English.<br />
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There is another problem. Currently, all Korean-English dictionaries are designed for Koreans trying to learn English, not for foreigners trying to learn Korean. Even the Korean-English Learners' dictionary operated by the Korean government is not so friendly to English speakers. 맺히다 is a passive form of 맺다, but in any Korean-English dictionary, there is no such information about it being a passive form, and the definition doesn't even look like a passive verb, because English speakers seldom use the passive voice for this verb. If you find 팔리다 in the dictionary, the definition is either "sell" or "be sold" so English speakers may misunderstand 팔리다 has both meanings, but it is in fact the English word "sell" that has both meanings 팔다(to sell) and 팔리다(to be sold). I have already explained about 팔리다 at the beginning of this page. 열다 and 열리다 are even the same meaning "open" according to the dictionary. Therefore, you should find these words in a Korean-Korean dictionary, specifically, the standard Korean dictionary (표준국어대사전). 피동사 means passive verb, 사동사 means causative verb so you can finally be 100% sure about them. If you can understand Japanese or Chinese, you can use Korean-Japanese or Korean-Chinese dictionaries, in which 맺히다 is correctly explained as a passive verb of 맺다. Somehow Korean dictionaries are much more friendly to Japanese and Chinese speakers.<br />
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In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.<br />
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This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br><br />
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※ Further explanation about the passive form and the attributive form. <br><br />
In English, somehow the past participles are used for the passive voice, so English speakers naturally relate the completely different two concepts. In Korean, however, past tense has nothing to do with the passive form. They are morphologically completely different. Besides, English verbs don't have any attributive conjugational form. The verb conjugations are much simpler in English so it is causing misunderstandings or difficulties of Korean for English speakers. Think about this phrase "a pretty girl". English speakers never say "a pretty-ed girl" or "a pretty-will girl" so it is basically impossible to naturally convey connotations of Korean. I hope the following over specific translations can convey this Korean part. <br><br />
A passive verb, for example, 먹히다 (to be eaten) is the infinitive form (the basic verb form used in the dictionary), it doesn't even have any tense (it is not present tense. it literally has no tense whatsoever), so you should conjugate it in actual Korean. Let's make it into the attributive form with past tense.<br />
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* 먹힌 닭 : a chicken that was eaten , a chicken that has been eaten (an eaten chicken)<br />
먹힌 alone implies three additional connotations along with the basic meaning "to eat". -히 stands for the passive form, -ㄴ/은 stands for past tense and the attributive form combined. If the verb stem has an ending consonant (e.g., 먹 in 먹다), -은 is used instead (먹다→먹은 as opposed to 먹히다→먹힌). Let's change it into present tense.<br />
* 먹히는 닭 : a chicken that is eaten (a chicken that is being eaten. Similar to 먹히고 있는 닭)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -는 stands for present tense and the attributive form combined. It looks exactly like 먹히 is a noun and -는 is the topic marker. It may be greatly confusing for beginners. It is what learners have to overcome. Let's change it into future tense.<br />
* 먹힐 닭 : a chicken that will be eaten , a chicken that is going to be eaten (English doesn't have a grammatical future tense but Korean does.)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -ㄹ/을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. Let's change it into past-future tense.<br />
* 먹혔을 닭 : a chicken that would have been eaten (먹 + 히 + 었 + 을 → 먹혔을)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -었 stands for past tense, -을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. See more variations.<br />
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* 먹히던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten (-던 implies the speaker is thinking about the past retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔던 닭 : a chicken that was eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔었던 닭 : a chicken that had been eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭 and 먹혔던 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹히고 있는 닭 : a chicken that is being eaten (Similar to 먹히는 닭 but emphasizing the action is being done now)<br />
* 먹히고 있던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있을 닭 : a chicken that will be being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었을 닭 : a chicken that would have been being eaten (This one is hard to translate. You should change the "have been" part to "was". Imagine "would" and "was being eaten" are combined)<br />
* 먹히게 되는 닭 : a chicken that ends up being eaten (I've already explained about the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] grammar)<br />
* 먹히게 될 닭 : a chicken that will end up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 된 닭 : a chicken that (just) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었던 닭 : a chicken that (had) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었었던 닭 : a chicken that had ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었을 닭 : a chicken that would have ended up being eaten<br />
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Be careful it is slightly different for adjectives.<br />
* 예쁘다 : to be pretty (adjective)<br />
* 예쁜 닭 : a chicken that is pretty (a pretty chicken) : (Unlike verbs, -ㄴ/은 stands for present tense. It may be confusing)<br />
* 예뻤던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (This alternative past tense form is applied to adjectives, which is the same with that of verbs)<br />
* 예쁘던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (Implies the chicken used to be pretty, retrospectively)<br />
* 예뻤었던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty before (a chicken that had been pretty before)<br />
* 예쁘는 닭 (X) : (If 예쁘다 was a verb, -는 stands for present tense, but it is an adjective so -는 is completely wrong)<br />
* 예쁠 닭 : a chicken that will be pretty : (The future tense follows the same pattern for verbs. In this case, 예뻐질 닭 (a chicken that will become pretty) would be more natural.)<br />
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In short, -ㄴ/은 is past tense for verbs, but present tense for adjectives. -는 is present tense for verbs, but wrong for adjectives. <br />
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I have said that Korean verbs must be conjugated in a sentence, but there is a trap. Take a look at this sentence.<br />
* 먹히다 간신히 탈출했다.<br />
In this sentence, 먹히다 looks exactly like the unconjugated infinitive form, but it isn't in fact. That 먹히다 is contracted from 먹히다가 (먹히다 + -다가) meaning "while being eaten"<br />
* 먹히다가 간신히 탈출했다. : (Someone) Barely escaped while being eaten. (He was being eaten alive, but barely escaped.)<br />
If you ever come across a verb in a sentence that looks like an unconjugated form, it is the -다가(while) form. It is just contracted to -다(while). <br><br />
Korean has two different suffixes for the meaning "while". In fact, "-(으)면서" is more similar to the meaning of the English "while". Google it if you want to know about the difference between -다가 and -(으)면서.<br> -다가 becomes -다 when contracted, -(으)면서 becomes -(으)며 when contracted.<br />
<br />
There is another case. In headlines or titles of some articles, the unconjugated verb form can be used.<br />
* 관광객, 상어에게 잡아먹히다! : Tourist, eaten by shark! (this is supposed to be a headline of news)<br />
In this case, that 먹히다 is the unconjugated form. So, this headline has no tense. (먹힌다 for present tense, 먹혔다 for past tense)<br />
<br />
<br />
※ -이다 vs. -하다 <br><br />
Let's assume your parents named you as "Lovely" when you were born. How would you introduce yourself when you meet someone?<br />
* Hello, I am Lovely. (sounds so narcissistic)<br />
* Hello, my name is Lovely. (boasting of your name?)<br />
It is a very embarrassing situation, isn't it? If you remember this specific situation, you will never be confused about -이다 and -하다. The fundamental problem is that you can't specify the grammatical role of "lovely". Your name is supposed to be a noun but it sounds like an adjective due to the same pronunciation. Languages around the world have various solutions to avoid this kind of problem. English has solved this kind of problem with extensive use of articles. If you put an article like a/an/the, you can make clear that "Lovely" is a noun. However, In this specific situation, unfortunately you can't put any article. I wanted to show what happens when you can't use articles in English. Now you would understand why English speakers are obsessed with correct use of grammatical articles. <br><br />
Korean has a different solution without using articles.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely야. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : (-야 explicitly indicates that "Lovely" is a noun. -야 is conjugated from -이다. -입니다, -예요/-이에요 are also possible)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely해. (Hello, I am lovely.) : (-해 explicitly indicates that "lovely" is an adjective. -해 is conjugated from -하다. -합니다, -해요 are also possible)<br />
As you can see, the grammar has eliminated the ambiguity, so there is no such an embarrassing situation in Korean. Instead, there is another problem in Korean. I've already said that there are two different kinds of 하다s in Korean; 하다 for verbs and 하다 for adjectives. Here they go again. In the example above, -해 could be either a verb or an adjective. In many speech styles, the grammar is simplified and the same spelling is used for both of them. Let's make it more clear by using a different speech style.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely이다. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : ("Lovely" is a noun. -이다 can be shortened to -다 when the noun doesn't have an ending consonant.)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely하다. (Hello, I am lovely.) : ("lovely" is an adjective)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely한다. (Hello, I do the thing "Lovely".) : ("Lovely" is a verb. It can be anything you can do. For example, it could be a name of a video game.)<br />
All the examples are present tense. (-이다 the copula for nouns, and adjectives, don't add -ㄴ/는 for present tense in this speech style. Only verbs do.)<br />
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<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+이 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in ㅎ or a vowel)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 놓다 (to lay, to put, to build)<br />
| 놓이다 (to be on, to be placed, to be built)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 (I put dishes on the table).<br />
*Passive: 식탁에 그릇들이 놓였다 (Dishes were put on the table).<br />
|-<br />
| 바꾸다 (to change)<br />
| 바뀌다 (to be changed)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 결정을 바꾸었다 (I changed the decision).<br />
*Passive: 결정이 바뀌었다 (The decision was changed).<br />
|-<br />
| 보다 (to see)<br />
| 보이다 (to be seen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 나는 그 외계인을 보았다 (I saw the alien).<br />
*Passive: 그 외계인이 보였다. (The alien was seen (to me)).<br />
|-<br />
| 쓰다 (to use, to write)<br />
| 쓰이다 (to be used, to be written)<br />
| <br />
*Active:그 책은 내 친구가 썼다 (My friend wrote that book).<br />
*Passive:그 책은 내 친구에 의해 쓰였다 (That book was written by my friend).<br />
|-<br />
| 쌓다 (to pile up, to stack)<br />
| 쌓이다 (to be piled up, to be stacked up)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 상자를 쌓았다 (I stacked boxes up).<br />
*Passive: 상자가 쌓였다 (Boxes were stacked up).<br />
|-<br />
| 차다 - to dump someone<br />
| 차이다 - to be dumped<br />
|<br />
*Active: 내가 여자친구를 찼다 (I dumped my girlfriend).<br />
*Passive: 내 여자친구가 나에게 차였다 (My girlfriend was dumped by me).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+히 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in a ㅂ,ㅈ,ㄷ or ㄱ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 꽂다 (to put in, to stick in)<br />
| 꽂히다 (to be stuck in)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 꽃을 꽃병에 꽂았다 (I put flowers in a vase).<br />
*Passive: 꽃이 꽃병에 꽂혔다 (Flowers were put in a vase).<br />
|-<br />
| 닫다 (to close, to shut)<br />
| 닫히다 (to be closed, to be shut)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 문을 닫았다 (I closed the door).<br />
*Passive: 문이 닫혔다 (The door was closed).<br />
|-<br />
| 읽다 (to read)<br />
| 읽히다 (to be read)<br />
| <br />
*Active:책을 읽었다 (I read a book).<br />
*Passive: 책이 읽혔다 (The book was read by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 막다 (to block, to clog)<br />
| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).<br />
*Passive: 입구가 막혔다 (The entrance was blocked).<br />
|-<br />
| 먹다 (to eat)<br />
| 먹히다 (to be eaten)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 빵을 먹는다 (I eat bread).<br />
*Passive: 빵이 먹혔다 (The bread was eaten). <br />
|-<br />
| 묻다 (to bury)<br />
| 묻히다 (to be buried)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 땅에 관을 묻었다 (I buried the coffin under the ground).<br />
*Passive: 땅에 관이 묻혔다 (The coffin was buried under the ground).<br />
|-<br />
| 뽑다 (to pluck, to pull off)<br />
| 뽑히다 (to be plucked, to be pulled off)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 잡초를 뽑는다 (I pluck the weeds out). <br />
*Passive: 잡초가 뽑혔다 (The weeds were plucked out).<br />
|-<br />
| 잡다 (to catch)<br />
| 잡히다 (to be caught)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 경찰이 범죄자를 잡았다 (the police caught the criminal).<br />
*Passive: 범죄자가 경찰에게 잡혔다 (the criminal was caught by the police).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+리 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category are irregular ㄷ verbs or end with ㄹ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 걸다 (to hang)<br />
| 걸리다 (to be hung)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 그림을 벽에 걸었다 (I hung a picture on the wall).<br />
*Passive: 그림이 벽에 걸렸다 (The picture was hung on the wall).<br />
|-<br />
| 듣다 (to hear)<br />
| 들리다 (to be heard)<br />
| <br />
*Active:노래를 들었다 (I heard the song).<br />
*Passive: 노래가 들렸다 (The song was heard).<br />
|-<br />
| 물다 (to bite)<br />
| 물리다 (to be bitten)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 개가 나를 물었다 (the dog bit me).<br />
*Passive: 나는 개한테 물렸다 (I was bitten by the dog).<br />
|-<br />
| 열다 (to open)<br />
| 열리다 (to be open)<br />
| <br />
*Active:창문을 열었다 (I open the window).<br />
*Passive: 창문이 열렸다 (The window was open).<br />
|-<br />
| 팔다 (to sell)<br />
| 팔리다 (to be sold)<br />
| <br />
*Active:나는 장난감을 판다 (I sell the toys).<br />
*Passive: 장난감이 팔렸다 (The toys were sold).<br />
|-<br />
| 풀다 (to untie, to solve)<br />
| 풀리다 (to get untied, to be solved )<br />
| <br />
*Active:문제를 풀었다 (I solve the problem).<br />
*Passive: 문제가 풀렸다 (The problem was solved).<br />
|-<br />
| 자르다 (to cut)<br />
| 잘리다 (to be cut)<br />
|<br />
*Active:종이를 잘랐다 (I cut the paper).<br />
*Passive: 종이가 잘렸다 (The paper was cut).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+기 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end with ㄴ (ㄶ), ㅅ and ㅁ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 끊다 (to cut off, to sever)<br />
| 끊기다 (to be cut off, to be severed)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 줄을 끊었다 (I cut the rope). <br />
*Passive: 줄이 끊겼다 (The rope was cut).<br />
|-<br />
| 빼앗다 (to take, to steal)<br />
| 빼앗기다 (to be taken, to be stolen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 돈을 빼앗았다 (I stole someone's money).<br />
*Passive: 돈을 빼앗겼다 (My money was stolen by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 안다 (to hold, to embrace)<br />
| 안기다 (to be held, to be embraced)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 아기를 품에 안았다 (I held baby in my arms).<br />
*Passive: 아기가 품에 안겼다 (The baby is in my arms).<br />
|-<br />
| 쫓다 (to chase)<br />
| 쫓기다 (to be chased)<br />
| <br />
*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A policeman chases robbery).<br />
*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A robbery is chased by policeman).<br />
|-<br />
| 잠그다 (to lock)<br />
| 잠기다 (to be locked)<br />
| <br />
*Active:문을 잠갔다(잠그었다) (I locked the door). ☞ 잠그었다 is commonly contracted to 잠궜다 but this is grammatically incorrect. 잠그다 follows the [[으 irregular verbs|으 irregular conjugation rule]] so the correct contracted form is 잠갔다. (잠그었다 → [[Vowel harmony|잠ㄱ었다 → 잠ㄱ았다]] → 잠갔다)<br />
*Passive: 문이 잠겼다(잠기었다) (The door was locked). ☞ Strictly speaking, 잠기다 is actually a 이 passive verb. (잠그다 + 이 → 잠그이다 → 잠ㄱ이다 → 잠기다).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Causative form]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Talk:Passive_formsTalk:Passive forms2023-06-10T21:03:08Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>졸다 → 졸리다. 졸리다 = passive?<br />
* No, it is safe to say they are two different words with different meanings. The former is a verb, the latter is an adjective. 졸다 = doze, 졸리다 = sleepy.<br />
<br />
Some translations provided here seem a bit inappropriate. e.g. 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 -> I put dishes on the table. However, as you guys may already know, there is no word with the meaning of "I" in the original sentence, and this is also the case for many of the other sentences here. In order to avoid confusion, we can consider adding 나는 in front of the sentences, but 나는 is very often omitted in the Korean language. Maybe we should add some kind of footnotes?<br />
<br />
<br />
== Article cleanup ==<br />
While this article has a ton of useful information, I think it needs a cleanup and major overhaul. I think we need to simplify it and remove stuff related to causative forms as those should be in a separate article<br />
--[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2023 (CEST)</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Passive_formsPassive forms2023-06-10T20:38:04Z<p>DigitalSoju: mixed minor typo</p>
<hr />
<div> If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs, <br />
look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and see the 뜻풀이 section.<br />
There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전). <br />
<br />
The passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb. Passive voice emphasizes the process rather than who is performing the action. In Korean this form is called 피동. There are few patterns to help distinguish between active and passive voices in Korean verbs. This makes this more difficult to learn than a regular Korean grammar rule.<br />
<br />
Passive verbs still work as action verbs but now the object (that usually takes 을 or 를) has become the subject of the sentence (takes the particles: 이 or 가).<br />
*길'''을''' 막아요. [Traffic] blocks the road.<br />
*길'''이''' 막혀요. The road is blocked [by traffic]. (막히다 is much more common in this scenario)<br />
<br />
Many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean. (Only using the passive form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*It looks fine. ☞ 괜찮아 '''보여요'''. [It] '''is seen''' to be fine.<br />
*It sounds like English. ☞ 영어처럼 '''들려요'''. [It] '''is heard''' like English.<br />
*I can't see the blackboard well. ☞ 칠판이 잘 안 '''보여요'''. The blackboard '''is''' not '''seen''' well (by me).<br />
*Can you hear my voice? ☞ 내 목소리 '''들리냐'''? '''Is''' my voice '''heard''' (by you)?<br />
*The game has begun. ☞ 게임이 '''시작되었다'''. The game has '''been begun'''. (A game can't begin something because it has no ability to decide. There must be a human who had decided to begin the game. The "game" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This book is selling very well. ☞ 이 책은 아주 잘 '''팔리고 있다'''. This book '''is being sold''' very well. (A book can't sell something because it's not a human. The "book" is passive, not active.)<br />
*The door is opening. ☞ 문이 '''열리고 있다'''. The door '''is being opened'''. (A door can't open something because it has no ability to decide. If a door is opening, there must be something else affecting the door such as wind, dogs, installed automatic mechanisms, etc. Even if it's a haunted door, it should be opened by a ghost inside it, not by the door itself. The "door" is passive, not active.)<br />
*This door locks automatically. ☞ 이 문은 자동으로 '''잠긴다'''. As for this door, (it) '''is locked''' automatically. (This door '''becomes locked''' automatically.)<br />
*This fruit peels easily. ☞ 이 과일은 껍질이 잘 '''벗겨진다'''. As for this fruit, the skin '''is peeled off''' easily.<br />
*This hospital is filling up. ☞ 이 병원이 '''채워지고 있다'''. This hospital '''is being filled up'''. (with new patients)<br />
*This battery is charging. ☞ 이 배터리가 '''충전되고 있다'''. This battery '''is being charged'''. (by me, or by the battery charger)<br />
*My body is shaking. ☞ 내 몸이 '''떨린다'''. My body '''is''' (being) '''shaken'''. (by my nervous system) (= My nervous system is shaking my body.)<br />
*The law of gravity applies to all objects. ☞ 중력의 법칙은 모든 물체에 '''적용된다'''. The law of gravity '''is applied''' to all objects. (We apply the law = The law is applied by us)<br />
*It feels like I am your teacher. ☞ 내가 마치 네 선생님인 것처럼 '''느껴진다'''. [It] '''is felt''' like I am your teacher. ("It" is a dummy subject. A dummy subject can't feel something because it is not a living being. "It" must have been felt by someone. English speakers might be used to these expressions, but this kind of nonsense has no place in Korean. It feels, a book sells, a game begins, a door opens, a door closes, it looks, etc.)<br />
<br />
<br />
:※ In most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment nominative-accusative] languages, sentences like "The smoke feels acrid", "The soup is cooking now" don't make sense. (The correct sense is "The smoke is felt acridly = I feel the smoke acridly", "The soup is being cooked now = I am cooking the soup now") If "'''This book sells well'''" is correct, "'''This pizza eats well'''" should also be correct, because they have exactly the same structure. Do you really think they are equally correct? Some grammarians try to explain it as "middle voice", but English has no verb form for the middle voice, how can you tell it apart from the active voice? If I say "'''This chicken eats well'''", is the chicken dead or alive? Think about "'''This book sells well'''" again. Is the book dead or alive? <br><br />
:In many European languages, there are special rules when transitive verbs become intransitive. For example, in German, "'''This book sells well'''" doesn't make sense because there is no reflexive pronoun. In German, the sentence should be like "'''This book sells itself good'''". Without the reflexive pronoun "itself"("sich" in German), it sounds like the book is a living being that can sell something. That's the normal sense of nominative-accusative languages. In Russian, they conjugate the verb, the sentence should be like "'''This book well sellsся'''". (the suffix -ся indicates the verb is intransitive). In English, neither of those rules exists, it's just arbitrary. According to Wikipedia, English also is a nominative-accusative language, but it's an aberrant one because this kind of nonsense is considered acceptable. In other words, English often behaves like an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment ergative-absolutive] language. Korean is a typical nominative-accusative language, but English is a bizarre one randomly behaving like an ergative-absolutive language. Most English speakers have never heard of the terminology "ergative" and aren't even aware that they are arbitrarily switching objects into subjects, so you should be aware of it and learn the typical sense of a nominative-accusative language. This is a problem of the English language itself so you shouldn't blame Korean. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_verb ergative verb] for more information.<br />
<br />
:※ Korean also has a small number of ergative verbs. I will explain about these exceptions again.<br />
<br />
:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님 : I your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님이다 : I am your teacher. <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 : (NOUN) that I am your teacher ("-인" is the attributive form of "-이다" meaning "be, am, are, is". "-이다" and "-인" both are present tense.) <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것 : the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 : like the thing that I am your teacher <br><br />
::내가 네 선생님인 것처럼 느껴진다 : (It) is felt like the thing that I am your teacher. (느껴진다 (is felt) is present tense) <br> <br />
::마치 means "as if". You can put 마치 anywhere in the sentence or just omit it. Word order is not that important in Korean in the first place. You can also declare a topic with 나는(난) anywhere in the sentence. English speakers usually place much value on word order and try to focus on word order of Korean, because English is an analytic language in which word order is very important for understanding the meaning. Korean is not an analytic language, so you should change your method of approach. You should focus on how various suffixes are attached at the end of each word to assign their grammatical roles in a sentence, rather than word order. If you are not familiar with word order in Korean, you can practise in any word order you want. You can refine it later when you are more experienced. Even if you change word order as you want, Koreans will have no problem understanding your Korean though it might sound a bit unusual or eccentric. I am demonstrating this to show word order is actually kind of irrelevant in Korean. Destroy your stereotype given by your native language, and don't be afraid of being different about word order. <br><br />
<br />
::나는 느껴진다 마치 내가 네 선생님인 것처럼. (Note: I feel it = It is felt by me) <br><br />
::나는(As for me) 느껴진다(it is felt) 마치(as if) 내가(I) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher am that) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
::The "-인" in "선생님인" is an attributive form as already explained, which means it has to be followed by a noun (in this case, 것). So, the word order "선생님인 것처럼" is typically fixed and can't be changed (unless you are making an inversion of word order for some kind of literary expression). They are kind of bound by the suffix "-인". <br><br />
<br />
::This is another possible translation. (Note: I feel myself(me) = I am felt by me)<br />
::나는(As for me) 내가(I) 느껴진다(am felt) 마치(as if) 네(your) 선생님인(teacher being) 것처럼(the thing like). <br><br />
<br />
<br />
Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)<br />
*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.) <br />
*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.<br />
<br />
Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)<br />
*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)<br />
*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.<br />
*I was told that you were my son. (If I have to translate "be told", it would be 말해지다 or 이야기되다 but these expressions are unnatural in Korean) ☞ 네가 내 아들이라고 들었다. ([I] heard that you were my son.)<br />
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:※ Think about this sentence "He gave me a book." In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object (accusative case, -을/-를), and "me" is the indirect object (dative case, -에게). If you change word order (He gave a book me), it is wrong that's why English is an analytic language. Unlike English, Korean uses specific suffixes (-을/-를 vs. -에게) to distinguish between them, so word order doesn't matter. In English, both of them ("a book" and "me") can be the subject of the passive voice ('''a book''' was given to me , '''I''' was given a book), but in Korean, only the direct object "a book" can be the subject of the passive verb. In Korean, the indirect object is not even called "object", it's the dative case that is completely different. <br><br />
:"I was given" has two possible meanings, it's an ambiguous expression. It can be either "someone gave something to me" or "someone gave me to another person (I am like a human slave that can be gifted to others)". In Korean, "I was given (내가 주어졌다)" only means the second translation (I am a slave), because the subject "I" must be the direct object of the active verb "give". This kind of grammatical ambiguity doesn't exist in Korean, and it applies to all other Korean verbs. "I was told" only means "someone told about me (to another person)" so "I was told (a story)" doesn't make sense in Korean. It has to be "a story was told (to me)" in the passive voice (if I have to make a passive voice English sentence that can be literally translated into Korean).<br />
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:※ Grammar Breakdown <br><br />
::네가 내 아들 : you my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다 : You are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이다라고 : (VERB) that "You are my son" <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son (If "아들" doesn't have an ending consonant, -이라고 becomes -라고. For example, 친구 + (이)라고 → 친구라고)<br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣다 : to hear that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣는다 : Hear(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 듣겠다 : Would hear that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었다 : Heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 들었겠다 : Would have heard that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 : (VERB) that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하다 : to say that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 한다 : Say(s) that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 : (NOUN) that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기 : a story that says that you are my son <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라고 하는 이야기를 들었다 : Heard a story that says that you are my son. <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이라는 얘기를 들었다 (Contracted from the previous sentence, same meaning) <br><br />
::네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 (The above sentence can be even further contracted, that is similar to the actual colloquial language. See the shrinking process "아들이라고 하는" → "아들이라는" → "아들이란", and "이야기를" → "얘기를" → "얘길". This kind of process happens all the time in Korean, and it is key to understanding the actual spoken language.) <br><br />
::If you want to clarify the subject who heard the story, declare a topic with 나는(난). <br><br />
::난 네가 내 아들이란 얘길 들었다 : As for me, (I) heard a story that says that you are my son. (This final sentence looks simple, but it has quite a complex structure, especially in the "아들이란" part.)<br />
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This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it due to its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.<br />
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OK, let's begin with easy forms. When verbs add -어지다, they become passive. When verbs add -게 하다, they become causative.<br />
*만들다 : to make (something)<br />
*만들어지다 : to be made : (만들 + 어지다)<br />
*만들게 하다 : to make/let someone make (something) : (만들 + 게 하다)<br />
*느끼다 : to feel (something)<br />
*느껴지다 : to be felt : (느끼 + 어지다. Try to pronounce 느끼어지다 fast then you get 느껴지다)<br />
*느끼게 하다 : to make/let someone feel (something) : (느끼 + 게 하다)<br />
*잇다 : to connect (something)<br />
*이어지다 : to be connected : (이 + 어지다. This verb follows the [[ㅅ irregular verbs|ㅅ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*잇게 하다 : to make/let someone connect (something) : (잇 + 게 하다)<br />
:※ The "pronounce fast and get something" rule applies to all verbs except for the irregular [[으 irregular verbs|으 dropping verbs]]. You can see an irregular example of 잠그다 at the end of this page.<br />
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굽다 has two meanings and their conjugational forms are different.<br />
*굽다1 : to bend itself (intransitive verb) - ''or'' - to be bent/stooped (adjective)<br />
*굽어지다 : to (naturally) become bent/stooped : (This "naturally" means "not by someone intentionally")<br />
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:※ Intransitive verbs, such as 굽다1, 죽다, 숨다, 남다, ordinarily can't take the passive ending -어지다, so 굽어지다 is grammatically problematic. (It's the same in English. Intransitive verbs, such as ''remain'', ''happen'', ''die'', cannnot be passive.) To solve this issue, the Korea university Korean dictionary (고려대 한국어대사전) separates 굽다1 into two different words: 굽다1 as a verb (to bend itself) and 굽다1 as an adjective (to be bent/stooped). When 굽다1 is an adjective, 굽어지다 (to become bent/stooped) makes sense. Technically, "adjective + 어지다" is not the passive form but it is practically not distinguished from the "verb + 어지다" passive form. I will explain about adjectives again.<br />
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*굽게 하다1 (?) : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (-게 하다 is always causative. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 굽히다. It seems the Bible in Korean version uses this 굽게 하다 because it gives a unique unusual nuance.)<br />
*굽히다 : to make something be bent/stooped , to bend something : (This -히 is causative)<br />
*굽혀지다 : to become bent by someone : (causative -히 + passive -어지다. Try to pronounce 굽히어지다 fast then you get 굽혀지다.)<br />
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*굽다2 : to bake (something)<br />
*굽히다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 굽다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.) <br />
*구워지다 : to be baked : (-어지다 is always passive. In this case, 굽다 follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]]. Try to pronounce 구우어지다 fast then you get 구워지다.)<br />
*굽게 하다2 : to make/let someone bake (something) : (-게 하다 is always causative. Since 굽게 하다1 is hardly used, you can assume 굽게 하다 is this thing in most cases)<br />
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In the example above, -히 is a causative suffix, but it can be a passive suffix either in many other verbs.<br />
*먹다 : to eat<br />
*먹어지다 (?) : to be eaten : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 먹히다. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*먹히다 : to be eaten : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*먹혀지다 (X) : to be eaten : (passive -히 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*먹이다 (먹게 하다) : to make/let someone eat , to feed : (This -이 is causative)<br />
*먹여지다 : to be fed : (causative -이 + passive -어지다. This is correct but hardly used.)<br />
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:※ To be precise, the exact meaning of 먹어지다 and 먹히다 is slightly different. It's so subtle, very hard to explain in English. Let's say you are trying to eat a metal spoon now (it looks physically impossible to chew and swallow), then I would say 그게 먹어져요? (Can it be eaten?), but I wouldn't say 그게 먹혀요? (Is it eaten?). -어지다 can imply "(physically) possible" in some verbs.<br />
:※ In Korean, "I was fed (내가 먹여졌다)" means "I became food for an animal (and I was thrown into the mouth of the animal)", because the subject of the passive verb must be the direct object of the active verb. (I have already explained about it at the beginning of this page.) Hence, "내가 먹여졌다 (I was fed)" doesn't make sense and you'll never see it in Korean. If you have to use 먹여지다, the expression should be like "나에게(to me) 밥이(rice) 먹여졌다(was fed)". The subject has to be some sort of food. After all, Koreans rarely use the verb 먹여지다 in the first place.<br />
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For many verbs, the passive and the causative forms are morphologically identical.<br />
*보다 : to see<br />
*보아지다 (봐지다) (?) : to be seen : (-아지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 보이다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*보이다1 : to be seen : (This -이 is passive)<br />
*보여지다1 (X) : to be seen : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*보이다2 (보게 하다) : to make/let someone see , to show : (This -이 is causative. To avoid confusion, 보여주다 (보이다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases)<br />
*보여지다2 : to be shown : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 마침내 그 끔찍한 진실이 관객들에게 보여졌다: Finally, the horrendous truth was shown to the audience)<br />
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*듣다 : to hear : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*들어지다 (?) : to be heard : (-어지다 is always passive. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another passive form 들리다1. You'll probably never see or use this form.)<br />
*들리다1 : to be heard : (This -리 is passive)<br />
*들려지다1 (X) : to be heard : (passive -리 + passive -어지다. This usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*들리다2 (듣게 하다) : to make/let someone hear, to tell(when talking) : (This -리 is causative. To avoid confusion, 들려주다 (들리다2 + -어주다) is used in most cases) : (e.g. 내 노래를 들려줄게 (듣게 해줄게): I'll let you hear my song)<br />
*들려지다2 : passive form of 들리다2 : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 너의 노래가 나에게 들려졌다: Your song was told(heard) to me)<br />
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:※ 들리다1 is simply "to be heard" whereas 들려지다2 is like someone is deliberately moving the source of the sound to your ears because he wants you to hear it. Likewise, 보이다1 is simply "to be seen" whereas 보여지다2(to be shown) is like someone is deliberately moving something in front of your eyes because he wants you to see it. If you can notice the difference between "진실이 보였다 (the truth was seen)" and "진실이 보여졌다 (the truth was shown)", you can also know the difference between "너의 노래가 들렸다 (your song was heard)" and "너의 노래가 들려졌다 (your song was VERB)". I think there is no adequate verb for 들려지다2 in English, so you should imagine it. The closest approximation is "your song was told to me (you caused me to hear it)".<br />
:※ In the Gyeongsang and Hamgyŏng dialects, 듣기다 is used instead of 들리다1. In these dialects, 듣기다(passive) and 들리다(causative) are different. Any dialect is the correct Korean language.<br />
:※ The passive ending -어지다 changed to -아지다 in 보아지다. If you don't know why it changes, see [[Vowel harmony]].<br />
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Many verbs have two possible passive forms but only one of them is preferred in most cases. (The less preferred one might even sound unnatural) For some verbs, however, the two passive forms are equally preferred, either one is fine.<br />
*믿다 : to believe<br />
*믿기다 : to be believed : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*믿어지다 : to be believed : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*믿겨지다 (X) : to be believed : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*믿게 하다 : to make/let someone believe something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*끊다 : to cut<br />
*끊기다 : to be cut : (This -기 is passive)<br />
*끊어지다 : to be cut : (-어지다 is passive)<br />
*끊겨지다 (X) : to be cut : (passive -기 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*끊게 하다 : to make/let someone cut something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form)<br />
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:※ 끊다 has another passive-alike form 끊이다. This word is almost only used in negative forms "끊이지 않다 (never be cut/stopped, constantly continuous)" , "끊임(이) 없다 (there is no cutting/stopping, constantly continuous)".<br />
:※ If you are trying to cut a rope with your bare hands (it looks physically impossible), I would say 그게 끊어져요? (Can it be cut?) but I wouldn't say 그게 끊겨요? (Is it cut?). It's the same thing in 먹어지다 and 먹히다 mentioned above. There is a subtle difference between them.<br />
:※ To be precise, there are many more ways to express causative, like -게 만들다, -게끔 하다, -게끔 만들다, -도록 하다, -도록 만들다 (they may have different nuances), but the basic syntactic causative form is -게 하다.<br />
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There are some verbs that even most native Koreans fail to conjugate correctly.<br />
*잊다 : to forget<br />
*잊히다 : to be forgotten : (passive -히)<br />
*잊어지다 : to be forgotten : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*잊혀지다 (X) : to be forgotten : (A double passive using both -히 and -어지다. This is wrong.)<br />
*잊게 하다 : to make/let someone forget something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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Not to be confused with the normal causative+passive forms. (They look like the double passive forms, but they are different.)<br />
*남다 : to remain : (intransitive)<br />
*남기다 (남게 하다) : to make/let something remain, to leave something : (causative -기. Not to be confused with 떠나다 meaning "to depart, to leave")<br />
*남겨지다 : to be left : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*숨다 : to hide : (intransitive)<br />
*숨기다 (숨게 하다) : to make/let something hide, to hide something : (causative -기)<br />
*숨겨지다 : to become hidden by someone : (causative -기 + passive -어지다)<br />
:※ 숨어라(숨다 + 어라) and 숨겨라(숨기다 + 어라) are both imperative sentences without an object but they have different meanings. 숨어라 means "Hide (yourself)", whereas 숨겨라 means "Hide it". Even if there is no object, 숨겨라 indicates there must be an object (but it's just omitted), whereas 숨어라 indicates there can't be an object because 숨다 is an intransitive verb. In English, these two verbs are not distinguished so you can't omit the object in "Hide it". In Korean, you don't have to say 그것을 숨겨라(Hide it). Just 숨겨라 is totally fine because we already know there must be an omitted object. If I say "Die!" you can know it means "Die (yourself)" because "die" is an intransitive verb and there can't be an object, but if I say "Kill!", you can know there must be an object but it's just omitted. It's the same thing.<br />
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*알다 : to know (something) : (this verb follows the [[ㄹ irregular verbs|ㄹ irregular conjugation rule]])<br />
*알리다 (알게 하다) : to make/let someone know (something), to inform, to notify : (causative -리)<br />
*알려지다 : to be informed, to become known : (causative -리 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 닐 암스트롱의 이름이 세상에 알려졌다: Neil Armstrong's name was informed (became known) throughout the world)<br />
:※ In English, "Neil Armstrong was informed" sounds like "something was informed (to Neil Armstrong)", so I used "Neil Armstrong's name" as the subject in order to eliminate the ambiguity. In Korean, "닐 암스트롱이 알려졌다 (Neil Armstrong was informed)" only means "someone informed (us) about Neil Armstrong". The subject "Neil Armstrong" must be the direct object of the active verb "inform".<br />
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:※ I translated "알려졌다" to "was informed (became known)" as the simple past tense. Then how to make it into the present perfect aspect "has been informed (has become known)" in Korean? In many cases, Korean doesn't particularly distinguish the present perfect from the simple past tense, but there are several ways to express it if you want to. The simplest way is using the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. <br><br />
:: 알려져 있다 : (it) currently exists in a state of informed <br><br />
:: 알려진 상태로 있다 : (when we want to emphasize the '''current state''') <br><br />
:: 알려진 채로 있다 : (this is known to be the closest approximation to the literal meaning of the present perfect in English. I don't recommend using this in actual Korean because it sounds a bit unnatural.) <br><br />
: From Korean's perspective, the simple past tense is just fine, because simple past is kind of present perfect as well. The past tense ending [[았/었_%2B_다|-었다/-았다]] is derived from [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] in the first place. For example, 죽었다(died) was originally 죽어 있다(have died). They were originally the same thing but in modern Korean, they are considered different. 죽었다 is technically "present tense + perfect aspect". That's why some Korean linguists still argue that Korean doesn't have a true past tense. If we compare 남았다(remained) with 남아 있다(remaining), the difference between them is so vague, they are almost the same meaning. This example clearly shows that -었다/-았다 is not a genuine past tense. "I am handsome" is "나는 잘생겼다" in Korean. In this sentence, 잘생겼다(잘생기었다) has a past tense ending -었다, it doesn't make any sense. But if you know 잘생겼다 is originally 잘생겨 있다 (exist in a state of being handsome), now it does make sense. It's actually a present tense, not the past tense.<br><br />
: In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, the past tense suffix -었/-았 didn't even exist. -더 was the original past tense suffix. -더 is the real past tense suffix. -더 is still used in -던, -던데, -더라, -더라도, -더니, -더라니, -더라고, etc. The present perfect -어/-아 있다 existed first and then the simple past -었다/-았다 branched out from it and replaced the original past tense -더. In modern Korean, -었다/-았다 is considered the simple past (in a loose sense), but it is still like the present perfect because of its origin.<br />
: '''Conclusion''': In a loose sense, -었다/-았다 is generally considered the simple past tense, but to be more precise, it's often more like the present perfect in English (present tense perfect aspect). In other words, -었다/-았다 has two possible meanings and it depends on the context, it's kind of ambiguous. If you want to clarify it, you should use 알려져 있다 (has become known: his name is still famous) or 알려졌었다 (≈ 알려져 있었다, had become known: his name was once famous but not anymore).<br />
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:※ Note that only '''intransitive verbs''' can be the [[아/어_있다|-어/-아 있다]] form. For example, 먹다(to eat something) is a transitive verb (it can have a direct object), so 먹어 있다 and 먹어 있었다 are wrong. Only 먹었다 and 먹었었다 are correct. 남다 is an intransitive verb (it can't have a direct object), so 남아 있다 and 남아 있었다 are possible. 남기다 is a transitive verb (all causative verbs can have a direct object, so they are transitive) so 남겨 있다 and 남겨 있었다 are wrong. 남겨지다 is an intransitive verb (all passive verbs can't have a direct object, so they are intransitive) so 남겨져 있다 and 남겨져 있었다 are correct. (There are some exceptions. Some verbs, such as 찔리다, 빼앗기다, 잡히다1, can have a direct object even though they are passive verbs.)<br />
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Some verbs seldom take the -어/아지다 ending. These exceptional verbs need some special passive forms.<br />
*죽다 : to die<br />
*죽이다 : to make/let someone die , to kill : (causative -이)<br />
*죽여지다 (?) : to be killed (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 죽이다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*죽임을 당하다 : to be killed (by a murderer) : (causative -이 + nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
*죽음을 당하다 : to be killed : (If someone is accidentally killed, you should use this form. Notice the causative suffix -이 has been removed. It means either he was murdered or accidentally killed. Maybe it's hard to tell if someone caused the death on purpose and is responsible for it. For example, he may have been killed by a wild animal, or killed by a natural disaster, or killed by an unavoidable car accident. Or he may have incurred his own death, for example, he may have been legally executed for his crime, or got cancer because of his bad habit.)<br />
*사망(死亡)하다 : to die : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)하다 : to kill : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*살해(殺害)당하다 (살해당하다 or 살해를 당하다) : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
*피살(被殺)되다 : to be killed : (Sino-Korean equivalent)<br />
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*놀리다 : to tease : (This 놀리다 looks like it's suffixed with -리, but it already is a word. 놀다 has a causative form 놀리다2 but it is a different word.)<br />
*놀려지다 (?) : to be teased (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 놀리다. It might still be used but sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*놀림을 받다 (놀림받다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다)<br />
*놀림을 당하다 (놀림당하다) : to be teased : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 당하다)<br />
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*가르치다 : to teach<br />
*가르쳐지다 : (for something) to be taught : (The subject is the '''direct object''' of the active verb. For example, "영어가 가르쳐져야 한다: The English language should be taught")<br />
*가르침을 받다 : (for someone) to be taught : (The subject is the '''indirect object''' of the active verb. For example, "학생들이 가르침을 받았다: The students were taught")<br />
:※ Although 가르쳐지다 is correct, Koreans hardly use it. The active voice sentence "영어를 가르쳐야 한다(Should teach English)" is much more common.<br />
:※ An indirect object of a verb generally cannot be the subject of the passive verb, but the verb 가르치다 is an exceptional case. When the direct object 영어를 is omitted, 학생들에게(indirect object) can become 학생들을(direct object), so that it can be the subject of the passive verb.<br />
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묻다 has three meanings and each of them has different conjugational forms.<br />
*묻다1 : to bury<br />
*묻히다1 : to be buried : (This -히 is passive)<br />
*묻어지다 : to be buried : (passive -어지다. This form is correct but hardly used)<br />
*묻혀지다1 (X) : to be buried : (passive -히 + passive -어지다, this usage is wrong as it is a double passive)<br />
*묻게 하다 : to make/let someone bury something : (For this verb, only the -게 하다 causative is possible and there is no alternative causative form.)<br />
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*묻다2 : to be smeared with : (intransitive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻었다 : My hands were smeared with blood)<br />
*묻게 하다 (?) : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (causative -게 하다. Technically, this is correct but hardly used because there is another causative form 묻히다2.)<br />
*묻히다2 : to make/let something be smeared with, to smear with : (This -히 is causative. Note that the previous 묻히다1 is passive) : (e.g. 내 손에 피를 묻혔다 : Smeared my hands with blood)<br />
*묻혀지다2 : passive form of 묻히다2 : (causative -히 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 내 손에 피가 묻혀졌다 : My hands were smeared with blood (by someone intentionally))<br />
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*묻다3 : to question : (This verb follows the [[ㄷ irregular verbs|ㄷ irregular conjugation rule]].)<br />
*물어지다 (?) : to be questioned (?) : (This is the expected passive form of 묻다3, but this is not used. It sounds very unnatural.)<br />
*물음을 받다 : to be questioned : (nominalizer -ㅁ + passive -을 받다) : (This is the correct passive form of 묻다3)<br />
*질문(質問)을 받다 : to be questioned : (This Sino-Korean alternative is more frequently used than 물음을 받다)<br />
*물어보게 하다 : to make/let someone question something : (causative form in -게 하다. Theoretically, it should be 묻게 하다 but this can be misunderstood as the 묻다1 verb.)<br />
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:※ In English, the word "question" could be either a noun or a verb without changing its form, but this kind of flexibility doesn't exist in Korean. It is called "zero derivation" and it inevitably causes grammatical ambiguities, and makes the language resort to word order to figure out whether it is a verb or a noun, that's an analytic language. A noun and a verb can't have the same form in Korean. There is no exception. For example, 사랑 is a noun and its verb form is 사랑하다. 물음 is a noun and its verb form is 묻다.<br />
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Adjectives can also become passive and causative verbs.<br />
*낮다 : be(is) low : (adjective)<br />
*낮아지다 : to become low : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*낮추다 : to make something be low , to lower something : (낮다 + causative -추)<br />
*낮춰지다 : to become lowered by someone : (causative -추 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*높다 : be(is) high : (adjective)<br />
*높아지다 : to become high : (-아지다, verb)<br />
*높이다 : to make something be high , to raise something : (높다 + causative -이)<br />
*높여지다 : to become raised by someone : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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:※ To be precise, -어/-아지다 means "to become" when it is attached to adjectives, so 낮아지다 and 높아지다 shouldn't be called "passive form" but they look exactly like the -어/-아지다 passive form.<br />
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Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.<br />
*자다 : to sleep<br />
*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*재워지다 : passive form of 재우다 : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*차다1 : to fill (intransitive. 차다 has many meanings and their conjugational forms are different by each meaning, as in 묻다 explained above.)<br />
*채우다1 (차게 하다1) : to make something filled, to fill something : (차 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*채워지다1 : to be filled : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*서다 : to stand<br />
*세우다 (서게 하다) : to make/let something stand, to erect something : (서 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)<br />
*세워지다 : to be erected : (causative -우 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Some verbs have multiple causative forms.<br />
*눕다 : to lie (down) : (intransitive)<br />
*눕게 하다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -게 하다)<br />
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*눕히다 : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (causative -히)<br />
*눕혀지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -히 + passive -어지다)<br />
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*누이다 (뉘다) : to make someone lie (down), to lay someone (down) : (눕다 + 이 → [[ㅂ irregular verbs|눕이다 → 누우이다]] → 누이다 → 뉘다)<br />
*누여지다 : to be laid (down) : (causative -이 + passive -어지다)<br />
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Double causative forms are possible and correct.<br />
*죽이다 (죽게 하다) : to make someone die, to kill<br />
*죽이게 하다 : to make someone kill (causative -이 + causative -게 하다) : (e.g. "Hey John, kill Lisa" → I made John make Lisa die)<br />
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*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make someone sleep<br />
*재우게 하다 : to make someone1 make someone2 sleep : (e.g. "Hey Lisa, put me to sleep" → I made Lisa make me sleep)<br />
:※ I made John make Lisa die = 나는 John이 Lisa를 죽이게 했다<br />
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The [[르 irregular verbs]] follow a special pattern.<br />
*구르다 : to roll (itself)<br />
*굴리다 : to make something roll, to roll something : (causative -리)<br />
*굴려지다 : passive form of 굴리다<br />
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*누르다 : to press<br />
*눌리다 : to be pressed : (passive -리)<br />
*눌러지다 : to be pressed : (passive -어지다)<br />
*눌려지다 (X) : to be pressed : (double passive, this is wrong)<br />
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:※ 굴리다 and 눌리다 have the same pattern, seemingly they are easy. However, 굴리다 is causative, 눌리다 is passive. When the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are attached, there is no specific way to know which one is passive and which one is causative. You have to just memorize them whenever you encounter new words. You have to look up in a dictionary to know if they are passive or causative. If you find this grammar part very confusing, it is normal. I guess you are doing well. Welcome to the most illogical and absurd part of Korean. This part will be the final hurdle on the road to master Korean grammar. I will explain in detail again.<br />
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Some passive verbs don't have their active forms. For example, 고이다 works like a passive verb (passive -이), but its expected active form 고다 or 고으다 is not used. 고다2 that you can find in the Korean dictionary is a homonym, a different word. What's more, the passive form of 고다2 is 고아지다 (고다 + -아지다), not 고이다2. In short,<br />
*고다1 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*고이다1 : to be gathered and form a puddle : (passive -이) : (e.g. 눈물이 고였다 : Tears were gathered and formed a puddle)<br />
*고여지다 (X) : (passive -이 + passive -어지다. This is wrong as it is a double passive.)<br />
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*고다2 : to boil meat or bone for a long time and extract juice from it<br />
*고이다2 (X) : (This is a theoretically expected passive or causative form of 고다2 but according to the standard Korean dictionary, this is wrong.)<br />
*고아지다 : to be boiled : (고다2 + passive -아지다)<br />
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:※ ''form'' and ''gather'' are both ergative verbs. (There are a ton of ergative verbs in English.) Remember, in Korean, you must use passive and forget about ergative.<br />
:: Tears formed in my eyes : (ergative)<br />
:: Tears were formed in my eyes (by my lacrimal glands) : (passive)<br />
:: My lacrimal glands formed tears in my eyes : (active)<br />
:: People gathered : (ergative)<br />
:: People were gathered : (passive)<br />
:: Something gathered people : (active)<br />
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멈추다 and 움직이다 are exceptional verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive(ergative) without changing their forms. They are pretty much like the ergative verbs in English.<br />
*멈다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*멈추다1 : to make something stop, to stop something : (This -추 works like a causative suffix although 멈다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 멈췄다(멈추었다) : I stopped the car)<br />
*멈추다2 : to stop (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 멈췄다(멈추었다) : The car stopped)<br />
*멈춰지다 (멈추어지다) : to be stopped : (causative -추 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 멈춰졌다(멈추어지었다) : The car was stopped)<br />
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*움직다 (X) : (This word doesn't exist)<br />
*움직이다1 : to make something move, to move something : (This -이 works like a causative suffix although 움직다 doesn't exist.) : (e.g. 내가 차를 움직였다(움직이었다) : I moved the car)<br />
*움직이다2 : to move (itself) : (This is the weird point. It can also be an intransitive verb without changing its spelling) : (e.g. 차가 움직였다(움직이었다) : The car moved)<br />
*움직여지다 (움직이어지다) : to be moved : (causative -이 + passive -어지다) : (e.g. 차가 움직여졌다(움직이어지었다) : The car was moved)<br />
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:※ As you can see, 멈추다 and 움직이다 work exactly like the English verbs ''stop'' and ''move'' which are ergative verbs. 차(the car) can be either a subject or an object but the verbs (멈추- and 움직이-) remain the same. You can also use the passive verbs 멈춰지다(멈추어지다) and 움직여지다(움직이어지다), but they are unnecessary in many cases, just like ''be stopped'' and ''be moved'' are in English. These two verbs must be very easy to learn for English speakers.<br />
:※ If 멈추다 and 움직이다 were regular verbs, the intransitive verbs should be 멈다 and 움직다, not 멈추다2 and 움직이다2. That's why they are exceptional cases. (Note: 멈추다2 can be replaced with 멎다, which is the original intransitive verb)<br />
:※ Korean ergative verbs : 멈추다, 움직이다, 그치다, 마치다, 다치다, 뭉치다, 풍기다, 다하다, 상하다, 반짝이다, 내리다, 울리다, 불다, 휘다, 데다, 시작하다, 작동하다, 정지하다 (In many cases, these verbs don't work ergatively, so you should check their specific usages.)<br />
:※ In Middle Korean around 600 years ago, Korean had a lot more ergative verbs. For example, in Middle Korean, 문이 열다(a door opens) was correct, but in modern Korean, you must use the passive verb 열리다 (문이 열리다 : a door gets opened). For hundreds of years, Korean has been ditching its ergative constructions and evolving into a true nominative-accusative language. The evolution is still ongoing. For example, I introduced 마치다 as an ergative verb, but its ergative usage is nearly obsolete now. It's safe to assume 마치다 is just a regular verb. (Technically, 일을 마치다 and 일이 마치다 both are correct, but the ergative sentence 일이 마치다 is nearly obsolete and some may even consider it unnatural. In the near future, only 일이 마쳐지다(passive -어지다) will be considered correct.) 시작하다 is also an ergative verb and its ergative usage is nearly obsolete. At the beginning of this page, I explained that only "게임이 시작됐다(시작되었다)" is correct, but technically "게임이 시작했다(시작하였다)" is also correct (no one would speak like that nowadays).<br />
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Verbs that end with -나다, such as 끝나다, 빛나다, are often explained as passive verbs, but they're not that easy to explain and can be controversial. You can simply treat them as intransitive verbs. All -나다 verbs are intransitive, and when the causative suffix -이 is attached, they become transitive -내다. [나다 + causative -이 → 나이다 → 내다] <br />
*끝나다 : to end (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 시험이 끝났다 : The exam ended)<br />
*끝내다 (끝나게 하다) : to make something end, to end something, to finish something : (e.g. 시험을 끝냈다 : (I) finished the exam)<br />
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*고장 나다 : to break (intransitive, there is no object) : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터가 고장 났다 : My computer broke down)<br />
*고장 내다 (고장 나게 하다) : to make something break, to break something : (e.g. 내 컴퓨터를 고장 냈다 : (I) broke my computer)<br />
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*빛나다 : to shine (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*빛내다 (빛나게 하다) : to make something shine<br />
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*드러나다 : to be revealed : (This is supposed to be an intransitive verb but I translated to a passive verb because the English verb ''reveal'' doesn't work as an intransitive verb. There is no object anyway.)<br />
*드러내다 (드러나게 하다) : to reveal something<br />
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*나타나다 : to show up (intransitive, there is no object)<br />
*나타내다 (나타나게 하다) : to make something show up, to represent something<br />
:※ For some reason, 고장나다 and 고장내다 have not become words in the standard Korean dictionary, so technically we are supposed to put a space like 고장(이) 나다 and 고장(을) 내다, but most Koreans are not bothered about it. This is not important so don't mind it.<br />
:※ Double causative forms like "끝내게 하다, 빛내게 하다" are also possible. I have already explained about the double causative forms.<br />
:※ Many -나다 verbs, such as 기억나다, 깨어나다, don't have -내다 form. (기억내다, 깨어내다 are wrong. You must use the alternative causative form 기억나게 하다, 깨어나게 하다.)<br />
:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)<br />
:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.<br />
:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)<br />
:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)<br />
:: 화내다 : to openly vent one's anger : (In this case, 화내다 is not a causative form of 화나다.)<br />
:: 화내게 하다 : to make someone openly vent his anger : (causative -게 하다. This is not a double causative form.)<br />
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When verbs have a -하다 (to do) ending, the conjugations are different from the rules above. Most Hanja words (Chinese loanwords) belong to this part.<br />
When 하다 verbs have a monosyllabic stem, they tend to take the -어/-아지다 ending. <br><br />
Note that the 하다 verb itself is irregular. <br><br />
[하다 + -어/-아지다 → 하여지다 → 해지다]<br />
*칠하다 : to paint<br />
*칠해지다 (칠하여지다) : to be painted<br />
*정하다 : to decide<br />
*정해지다 (정하여지다) : to be decided<br />
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Note that there are many exceptions, this is not an established principle. For example, 변하다 (to change) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so it can't take the passive ending -어/-아지다. If you use 변해지다 which is wrong, Koreans will instantly notice that you are not a native speaker. The native Korean counterpart to "to change", 바꾸다, has a normal passive form 바뀌다(바꾸이다). In short,<br />
*변하다 : to change (itself) : (intransitive)<br />
*바꾸다 : to change (something) : (active)<br />
*바뀌다 : to be changed : (passive)<br />
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바뀌다 and 변하다 are kind of interchangeable. For example,<br />
*내 마음이 바뀌었다(My mind was changed) ≈ 내 마음이 변했다(My mind changed) : 내 마음(my mind) is the subject of the sentence<br />
바꾸다(active) can't be replaced with 변하다.<br />
*[I] Changed my mind = 내 마음을 바꾸었다(바꿨다) : 내 마음(my mind) is the object of the sentence<br />
:※ If you want the stem 변 to be transitive, you must use other correct transitive verbs such as 변경하다, 변화시키다.<br />
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When 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they don't add the -어/-아지다 ending. Instead, the 하다 ending changes to 되다 or 받다 or 당하다. (You should memorize which one to use for individual verbs. Some verbs can take two out of the three.)<br />
*결정하다 : to decide<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided (Note: 결정하다 is a synonym of 정하다 above, the only difference is the prefix 결, but they follow different rules.)<br />
*사랑하다 : to love<br />
*사랑받다 (사랑을 받다) : to be loved (받다 means "to receive")<br />
*구타하다 : to beat up<br />
*구타당하다 (구타를 당하다) : to be beaten up (당하다 means "to undergo/suffer")<br />
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Note that Korean adjectives can have -하다 ending too, but the 하다 in adjectives is a different thing and doesn't mean "to do". The conjugation are also different. They take the -어/-아지다 and the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] endings like verbs, but the 시키다 causative form is not used. This poses another difficulty because 하다 verbs and adjectives look the same, so you can't determine if they are verbs or adjectives unless you look up in a dictionary. You should first figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, then you can apply correct conjugation rules.<br />
*깨끗하다 : be(is) clean : (adjective)<br />
*깨끗해지다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 되다 : to become clean : (verb)<br />
*깨끗하게 하다 : to make/let something be(is) clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*깨끗해지게 하다 : to make/let something become clean : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
:※ Note: For 하다 adjectives, whether the stem is monosyllabic or polysyllabic doesn't matter. It is always "하다 → 해지다" and "하다 → 하게 되다". (It only matters to 하다 verbs)<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs, such as 좋아하다, 싫어하다, don't have any passive form.<br />
*좋아하다 (좋다 + -아하다) : to like : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*싫어하다 (싫다 + -어하다) : to dislike : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
*무서워하다 (무섭다 + -어하다) : to fear : (There is no passive form for this verb. You can't make a passive voice sentence.)<br />
:※ 무섭다(to be scary) follows the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
:※ You've just been taught that the passive form of 하다 is 해지다(하여지다) or 되다/받다/당하다. You might expect the passive form of 좋아하다 would be 좋아해지다 or 좋아되다/좋아받다/좋아당하다. None of these are correct.<br />
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Some "adjective + -어/-아하다" verbs have possible passive forms.<br />
*귀여워하다 (귀엽다 + -어하다) : to adore<br />
*귀여움받다 (귀여움을 받다) : to be adored<br />
*미워하다 (밉다 + -어하다) : to hate<br />
*미움받다 (미움을 받다) : to be hated<br />
:※ 귀엽다(to be cute) and 밉다(to be detestable) follow the [[ㅂ irregular verbs|ㅂ irregular conjugation rule]].<br />
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The causative form of 하다 is 시키다.<br />
*실행하다 : to carry out<br />
*실행시키다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
*실행하게 하다 : to make someone carry out something<br />
:※ Note: Only when 하다 verbs have a polysyllabic stem, they can take -시키다. For example, 변하다 is a verb but the stem 변 is monosyllabic, so 변시키다 is wrong, you must use 변하게 하다. 깨끗하다 is an adjective, so 깨끗시키다 is wrong.<br />
:※ Note: Many 하다 verbs with a polysyllabic stem don't take -시키다. For example, 사랑하다 is a verb and the stem 사랑 is polysyllabic, (it meets all the conditions to take -시키다) but 사랑시키다 is not used. -하게 하다 can be applied universally.<br />
:※ "I ran Photoshop on my computer" Does this sentence really make sense? From Korean's perspective, I think this sentence is a little bit weird. (I mean it's mostly fine and still fully comprehensible but there is a more decent way to describe it.) You are a human so you can't run the Photoshop program designed for computer machines. The agent that runs Photoshop is your computer, not yourself. All you are doing is just making your computer run Photoshop. (포토샵을 실행시켰다 : (I) made (my computer) run Photoshop - ''or'' - (I) made Photoshop run (itself on my computer)) (There are two possible translations. The direct object of 시키다 is kind of ambiguous.)<br />
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Note that (하)게 하다 and (하)게 되다 are different. (하)게 하다 is a causative form for verbs and adjectives, (하)게 되다 is like "to become" for adjectives. When verbs take (하)게 되다, the meaning is slightly different. It's like "end up doing / get to do".<br />
*결정하다 : to decide : (verb)<br />
*결정되다 : to be decided : (verb)<br />
*결정하게 하다 : to make/let someone decide something : (-게 하다 causative. The 시키다 causative form is not used for this verb)<br />
*결정되게 하다 : to make/let something be decided : (-게 하다 causative)<br />
*결정하게 되다 : to end up deciding something , to get to decide something<br />
*결정되게 되다 : to end up being decided : (Same with other non-되다 passive verbs. For example, [정해지게 되다 : to end up being decided] , [구타당하게 되다 : to end up being beaten up] , [먹히게 되다 : to end up being eaten])<br />
*결정해지다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 결정하다 is a verb and the stem 결정 is polysyllabic.)<br />
*익숙하다 : be(is) accustomed : (adjective)<br />
*익숙하게 되다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지다 : to become accustomed : (verb)<br />
*익숙해지게 하다 : to make/let someone become accustomed : (verb, -게 하다 causative)<br />
*익숙되다, 익숙받다, 익숙당하다 (X) : (If you don't understand why this is wrong, read the explanation again. Hint : 익숙하다 is an adjective.)<br />
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In short, the conjugations for the passive and the causative forms vary with individual verbs, but there are some patterns. (Most passive verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기 or -어/-아지다 or -되다/-받다/-당하다. Most causative verbs take one of -이, -히, -리, -기, -우 ,-구, -추 or -게 하다 or -시키다). The three suffixes -우, -구, -추 are unconditionally causative, so they are no problem, but the four suffixes -이, -히, -리, -기 are particularly tricky as they could be either passive or causative (or sometimes both). Let's see possible scenarios.<br />
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:⑴ When adjectives are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (넓다(to be wide) is an adjective so you can expect 넓히다(to widen something) is causative.) <br><br />
:⑵ When intransitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, they are most likely causative. (얼다(to freeze) is unconditionally an intransitive verb so you can expect 얼리다(to freeze something) is causative) <br><br />
:⑶ When transitive verbs are suffixed with one of -이, -히, -리, -기, you need a Korean dictionary to figure them out. <br><br />
:: ① Case one : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only passive (잊히다, 끊기다, 믿기다, 밀리다, 모이다, 쌓이다, etc) <br><br />
:: ② Case two : -이, -히, -리, -기 are only causative (알리다, 넘기다, 맞히다, 입히다, 맡기다, 신기다, etc) <br><br />
:: ③ Case three : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in the same form (보이다, 들리다, 업히다, 뜯기다, 읽히다, 털리다, etc) <br><br />
:: ④ Case four : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative in different forms (먹히다-먹이다) <br><br />
:: ⑤ Case five : -이, -히, -리, -기 are either passive or causative depending on the meaning of the stem (묻히다1 is only passive, but 묻히다2 is only causative. 불리다, 물리다, 들리다, etc can be many different meanings.) (묻다2 is intransitive, by the way) <br><br />
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If you come across those words that you don't know, you can't really determine whether they are passive or causative unless you look up in a Korean dictionary, because the meaning of those four suffixes in individual verbs is arbitrary. (If you come across a "-ed" suffixed English word that you don't know, you can soon figure out that it is a past tense suffix for a verb, but you can't determine the function of the four Korean suffixes without a Korean dictionary) Besides, when they have the -하다 ending, you have to figure out if they are verbs or adjectives, because verbs and adjectives follow different rules despite looking exactly the same things. That's why many Korean materials for foreigners skip over this grammar part. They (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) often say "Passive verbs are not much used in Korean" or "Passive verbs are not as common as the passive voice in English". The first argument is wrong. Passive verbs are very common in Korean in fact. The second argument might be true in many cases, but I'm dubious about whether it's concluded from any valid statistics. As previously shown, many active voice English expressions should be translated to the passive form in Korean, but it is often ignored. It seems like many Koreans aren't even aware that they are actually speaking in the passive form. I have never seen someone explain 믿기지 않다 or 믿어지지 않다 or 믿겨지지 않다 as the passive form. Most people just explain it as "can't believe". That's how you end up thinking the passive form is not common in Korean without understanding the underlying grammar structure. Depending on the situation, the passive form in Korean could be even more common than the passive voice in English.<br />
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There is another problem. Currently, all Korean-English dictionaries are designed for Koreans trying to learn English, not for foreigners trying to learn Korean. Even the Korean-English Learners' dictionary operated by the Korean government is not so friendly to English speakers. 맺히다 is a passive form of 맺다, but in any Korean-English dictionary, there is no such information about it being a passive form, and the definition doesn't even look like a passive verb, because English speakers seldom use the passive voice for this verb. If you find 팔리다 in the dictionary, the definition is either "sell" or "be sold" so English speakers may misunderstand 팔리다 has both meanings, but it is in fact the English word "sell" that has both meanings 팔다(to sell) and 팔리다(to be sold). I have already explained about 팔리다 at the beginning of this page. 열다 and 열리다 are even the same meaning "open" according to the dictionary. Therefore, you should find these words in a Korean-Korean dictionary, specifically, the standard Korean dictionary (표준국어대사전). 피동사 means passive verb, 사동사 means causative verb so you can finally be 100% sure about them. If you can understand Japanese or Chinese, you can use Korean-Japanese or Korean-Chinese dictionaries, in which 맺히다 is correctly explained as a passive verb of 맺다. Somehow Korean dictionaries are much more friendly to Japanese and Chinese speakers.<br />
<br />
In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.<br />
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This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br><br />
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※ Further explanation about the passive form and the attributive form. <br><br />
In English, somehow the past participles are used for the passive voice, so English speakers naturally relate the completely different two concepts. In Korean, however, past tense has nothing to do with the passive form. They are morphologically completely different. Besides, English verbs don't have any attributive conjugational form. The verb conjugations are much simpler in English so it is causing misunderstandings or difficulties of Korean for English speakers. Think about this phrase "a pretty girl". English speakers never say "a pretty-ed girl" or "a pretty-will girl" so it is basically impossible to naturally convey connotations of Korean. I hope the following over specific translations can convey this Korean part. <br><br />
A passive verb, for example, 먹히다 (to be eaten) is the infinitive form (the basic verb form used in the dictionary), it doesn't even have any tense (it is not present tense. it literally has no tense whatsoever), so you should conjugate it in actual Korean. Let's make it into the attributive form with past tense.<br />
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* 먹힌 닭 : a chicken that was eaten , a chicken that has been eaten (an eaten chicken)<br />
먹힌 alone implies three additional connotations along with the basic meaning "to eat". -히 stands for the passive form, -ㄴ/은 stands for past tense and the attributive form combined. If the verb stem has an ending consonant (e.g., 먹 in 먹다), -은 is used instead (먹다→먹은 as opposed to 먹히다→먹힌). Let's change it into present tense.<br />
* 먹히는 닭 : a chicken that is eaten (a chicken that is being eaten. Similar to 먹히고 있는 닭)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -는 stands for present tense and the attributive form combined. It looks exactly like 먹히 is a noun and -는 is the topic marker. It may be greatly confusing for beginners. It is what learners have to overcome. Let's change it into future tense.<br />
* 먹힐 닭 : a chicken that will be eaten , a chicken that is going to be eaten (English doesn't have a grammatical future tense but Korean does.)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -ㄹ/을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. Let's change it into past-future tense.<br />
* 먹혔을 닭 : a chicken that would have been eaten (먹 + 히 + 었 + 을 → 먹혔을)<br />
-히 stands for the passive form, -었 stands for past tense, -을 stands for future tense and the attributive form combined. See more variations.<br />
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* 먹히던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten (-던 implies the speaker is thinking about the past retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔던 닭 : a chicken that was eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹혔었던 닭 : a chicken that had been eaten before (Similar to 먹힌 닭 and 먹혔던 닭, retrospectively)<br />
* 먹히고 있는 닭 : a chicken that is being eaten (Similar to 먹히는 닭 but emphasizing the action is being done now)<br />
* 먹히고 있던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었던 닭 : a chicken that was being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있을 닭 : a chicken that will be being eaten<br />
* 먹히고 있었을 닭 : a chicken that would have been being eaten (This one is hard to translate. You should change the "have been" part to "was". Imagine "would" and "was being eaten" are combined)<br />
* 먹히게 되는 닭 : a chicken that ends up being eaten (I've already explained about the [[게_되다|-게 되다]] grammar)<br />
* 먹히게 될 닭 : a chicken that will end up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 된 닭 : a chicken that (just) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었던 닭 : a chicken that (had) ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었었던 닭 : a chicken that had ended up being eaten<br />
* 먹히게 되었을 닭 : a chicken that would have ended up being eaten<br />
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Be careful it is slightly different for adjectives.<br />
* 예쁘다 : to be pretty (adjective)<br />
* 예쁜 닭 : a chicken that is pretty (a pretty chicken) : (Unlike verbs, -ㄴ/은 stands for present tense. It may be confusing)<br />
* 예뻤던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (This alternative past tense form is applied to adjectives, which is the same with that of verbs)<br />
* 예쁘던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty : (Implies the chicken used to be pretty, retrospectively)<br />
* 예뻤었던 닭 : a chicken that was pretty before (a chicken that had been pretty before)<br />
* 예쁘는 닭 (X) : (If 예쁘다 was a verb, -는 stands for present tense, but it is an adjective so -는 is completely wrong)<br />
* 예쁠 닭 : a chicken that will be pretty : (The future tense follows the same pattern for verbs. In this case, 예뻐질 닭 (a chicken that will become pretty) would be more natural.)<br />
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In short, -ㄴ/은 is past tense for verbs, but present tense for adjectives. -는 is present tense for verbs, but wrong for adjectives. <br />
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I have said that Korean verbs must be conjugated in a sentence, but there is a trap. Take a look at this sentence.<br />
* 먹히다 간신히 탈출했다.<br />
In this sentence, 먹히다 looks exactly like the unconjugated infinitive form, but it isn't in fact. That 먹히다 is contracted from 먹히다가 (먹히다 + -다가) meaning "while being eaten"<br />
* 먹히다가 간신히 탈출했다. : (Someone) Barely escaped while being eaten. (He was being eaten alive, but barely escaped.)<br />
If you ever come across a verb in a sentence that looks like an unconjugated form, it is the -다가(while) form. It is just contracted to -다(while). <br><br />
Korean has two different suffixes for the meaning "while". In fact, "-(으)면서" is more similar to the meaning of the English "while". Google it if you want to know about the difference between -다가 and -(으)면서.<br> -다가 becomes -다 when contracted, -(으)면서 becomes -(으)며 when contracted.<br />
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There is another case. In headlines or titles of some articles, the unconjugated verb form can be used.<br />
* 관광객, 상어에게 잡아먹히다! : Tourist, eaten by shark! (this is supposed to be a headline of news)<br />
In this case, that 먹히다 is the unconjugated form. So, this headline has no tense. (먹힌다 for present tense, 먹혔다 for past tense)<br />
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※ -이다 vs. -하다 <br><br />
Let's assume your parents named you as "Lovely" when you were born. How would you introduce yourself when you meet someone?<br />
* Hello, I am Lovely. (sounds so narcissistic)<br />
* Hello, my name is Lovely. (boasting of your name?)<br />
It is a very embarrassing situation, isn't it? If you remember this specific situation, you will never be confused about -이다 and -하다. The fundamental problem is that you can't specify the grammatical role of "lovely". Your name is supposed to be a noun but it sounds like an adjective due to the same pronunciation. Languages around the world have various solutions to avoid this kind of problem. English has solved this kind of problem with extensive use of articles. If you put an article like a/an/the, you can make clear that "Lovely" is a noun. However, In this specific situation, unfortunately you can't put any article. I wanted to show what happens when you can't use articles in English. Now you would understand why English speakers are obsessed with correct use of grammatical articles. <br><br />
Korean has a different solution without using articles.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely야. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : (-야 explicitly indicates that "Lovely" is a noun. -야 is conjugated from -이다. -입니다, -예요/-이에요 are also possible)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely해. (Hello, I am lovely.) : (-해 explicitly indicates that "lovely" is an adjective. -해 is conjugated from -하다. -합니다, -해요 are also possible)<br />
As you can see, the grammar has eliminated the ambiguity, so there is no such an embarrassing situation in Korean. Instead, there is another problem in Korean. I've already said that there are two different kinds of 하다s in Korean; 하다 for verbs and 하다 for adjectives. Here they go again. In the example above, -해 could be either a verb or an adjective. In many speech styles, the grammar is simplified and the same spelling is used for both of them. Let's make it more clear by using a different speech style.<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely이다. (Hello, I am Lovely.) : ("Lovely" is a noun. -이다 can be shortened to -다 when the noun doesn't have an ending consonant.)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 lovely하다. (Hello, I am lovely.) : ("lovely" is an adjective)<br />
* 안녕, 나는 Lovely한다. (Hello, I do the thing "Lovely".) : ("Lovely" is a verb. It can be anything you can do. For example, it could be a name of a video game.)<br />
All the examples are present tense. (-이다 the copula for nouns, and adjectives, don't add -ㄴ/는 for present tense in this speech style. Only verbs do.)<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+이 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in ㅎ or a vowel)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 놓다 (to lay, to put, to build)<br />
| 놓이다 (to be on, to be placed, to be built)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 식탁에 그릇들을 놓았다 (I put dishes on the table).<br />
*Passive: 식탁에 그릇들이 놓였다 (Dishes were put on the table).<br />
|-<br />
| 바꾸다 (to change)<br />
| 바뀌다 (to be changed)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 결정을 바꾸었다 (I changed the decision).<br />
*Passive: 결정이 바뀌었다 (The decision was changed).<br />
|-<br />
| 보다 (to see)<br />
| 보이다 (to be seen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 나는 그 외계인을 보았다 (I saw the alien).<br />
*Passive: 그 외계인이 보였다. (The alien was seen (to me)).<br />
|-<br />
| 쓰다 (to use, to write)<br />
| 쓰이다 (to be used, to be written)<br />
| <br />
*Active:그 책은 내 친구가 썼다 (My friend wrote that book).<br />
*Passive:그 책은 내 친구에 의해 쓰였다 (That book was written by my friend).<br />
|-<br />
| 쌓다 (to pile up, to stack)<br />
| 쌓이다 (to be piled up, to be stacked up)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 상자를 쌓았다 (I stacked boxes up).<br />
*Passive: 상자가 쌓였다 (Boxes were stacked up).<br />
|-<br />
| 차다 - to dump someone<br />
| 차이다 - to be dumped<br />
|<br />
*Active: 내가 여자친구를 찼다 (I dumped my girlfriend).<br />
*Passive: 내 여자친구가 나에게 차였다 (My girlfriend was dumped by me).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+히 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end in a ㅂ,ㅈ,ㄷ or ㄱ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 꽂다 (to put in, to stick in)<br />
| 꽂히다 (to be stuck in)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 꽃을 꽃병에 꽂았다 (I put flowers in a vase).<br />
*Passive: 꽃이 꽃병에 꽂혔다 (Flowers were put in a vase).<br />
|-<br />
| 닫다 (to close, to shut)<br />
| 닫히다 (to be closed, to be shut)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 문을 닫았다 (I closed the door).<br />
*Passive: 문이 닫혔다 (The door was closed).<br />
|-<br />
| 읽다 (to read)<br />
| 읽히다 (to be read)<br />
| <br />
*Active:책을 읽었다 (I read a book).<br />
*Passive: 책이 읽혔다 (The book was read by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 막다 (to block, to clog)<br />
| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).<br />
*Passive: 입구가 막혔다 (The entrance was blocked).<br />
|-<br />
| 먹다 (to eat)<br />
| 먹히다 (to be eaten)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 빵을 먹는다 (I eat bread).<br />
*Passive: 빵이 먹혔다 (The bread was eaten). <br />
|-<br />
| 묻다 (to bury)<br />
| 묻히다 (to be buried)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 땅에 관을 묻었다 (I buried the coffin under the ground).<br />
*Passive: 땅에 관이 묻혔다 (The coffin was buried under the ground).<br />
|-<br />
| 뽑다 (to pluck, to pull off)<br />
| 뽑히다 (to be plucked, to be pulled off)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 잡초를 뽑는다 (I pluck the weeds out). <br />
*Passive: 잡초가 뽑혔다 (The weeds were plucked out).<br />
|-<br />
| 잡다 (to catch)<br />
| 잡히다 (to be caught)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 경찰이 범죄자를 잡았다 (the police caught the criminal).<br />
*Passive: 범죄자가 경찰에게 잡혔다 (the criminal was caught by the police).<br />
|}<br />
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+리 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category are irregular ㄷ verbs or end with ㄹ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 걸다 (to hang)<br />
| 걸리다 (to be hung)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 그림을 벽에 걸었다 (I hung a picture on the wall).<br />
*Passive: 그림이 벽에 걸렸다 (The picture was hung on the wall).<br />
|-<br />
| 듣다 (to hear)<br />
| 들리다 (to be heard)<br />
| <br />
*Active:노래를 들었다 (I heard the song).<br />
*Passive: 노래가 들렸다 (The song was heard).<br />
|-<br />
| 물다 (to bite)<br />
| 물리다 (to be bitten)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 개가 나를 물었다 (the dog bit me).<br />
*Passive: 나는 개한테 물렸다 (I was bitten by the dog).<br />
|-<br />
| 열다 (to open)<br />
| 열리다 (to be open)<br />
| <br />
*Active:창문을 열었다 (I open the window).<br />
*Passive: 창문이 열렸다 (The window was open).<br />
|-<br />
| 팔다 (to sell)<br />
| 팔리다 (to be sold)<br />
| <br />
*Active:나는 장난감을 판다 (I sell the toys).<br />
*Passive: 장난감이 팔렸다 (The toys were sold).<br />
|-<br />
| 풀다 (to untie, to solve)<br />
| 풀리다 (to get untied, to be solved )<br />
| <br />
*Active:문제를 풀었다 (I solve the problem).<br />
*Passive: 문제가 풀렸다 (The problem was solved).<br />
|-<br />
| 자르다 (to cut)<br />
| 잘리다 (to be cut)<br />
|<br />
*Active:종이를 잘랐다 (I cut the paper).<br />
*Passive: 종이가 잘렸다 (The paper was cut).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
|+기 Passive Verbs<br />
(Most verbs in this category end with ㄴ (ㄶ), ㅅ and ㅁ)<br />
! Active verb !! Passive verb !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
| 끊다 (to cut off, to sever)<br />
| 끊기다 (to be cut off, to be severed)<br />
|<br />
*Active: 줄을 끊었다 (I cut the rope). <br />
*Passive: 줄이 끊겼다 (The rope was cut).<br />
|-<br />
| 빼앗다 (to take, to steal)<br />
| 빼앗기다 (to be taken, to be stolen)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 돈을 빼앗았다 (I stole someone's money).<br />
*Passive: 돈을 빼앗겼다 (My money was stolen by someone).<br />
|-<br />
| 안다 (to hold, to embrace)<br />
| 안기다 (to be held, to be embraced)<br />
| <br />
*Active: 아기를 품에 안았다 (I held baby in my arms).<br />
*Passive: 아기가 품에 안겼다 (The baby is in my arms).<br />
|-<br />
| 쫓다 (to chase)<br />
| 쫓기다 (to be chased)<br />
| <br />
*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A policeman chases robbery).<br />
*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A robbery is chased by policeman).<br />
|-<br />
| 잠그다 (to lock)<br />
| 잠기다 (to be locked)<br />
| <br />
*Active:문을 잠갔다(잠그었다) (I locked the door). ☞ 잠그었다 is commonly contracted to 잠궜다 but this is grammatically incorrect. 잠그다 follows the [[으 irregular verbs|으 irregular conjugation rule]] so the correct contracted form is 잠갔다. (잠그었다 → [[Vowel harmony|잠ㄱ었다 → 잠ㄱ았다]] → 잠갔다)<br />
*Passive: 문이 잠겼다(잠기었다) (The door was locked). ☞ Strictly speaking, 잠기다 is actually a 이 passive verb. (잠그다 + 이 → 잠그이다 → 잠ㄱ이다 → 잠기다).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Causative form]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/BaseballBaseball2022-11-09T01:06:01Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
<br />
*안타 치다 - to hit<br />
*휘두르다 - swing<br />
*빗맞히다 - to miss<br />
*파울 - foul<br />
**파울을 치다 - to foul<br />
*도루(하다) - steal, to a steal<br />
*회 - inning<br />
**회초 - top of the inning<br />
**회말 - bottom of the inning<br />
*볼 - balls<br />
*스트라이크 - strikes<br />
*아웃 - outs<br />
*만루홈런 - grandslam<br />
<br />
==Positions==<br />
[[File:Korean_baseball_positions.png|right|300px|thumb|Baseball positions]]<br />
*타자 - batter<br />
*투수 - pitcher<br />
*1루수 - first baseman<br />
*2루수 - second baseman<br />
*3루수 - third baseman<br />
*유격수 - short stop<br />
*포수 - catcher<br />
*외야수 - outfielder<br />
**좌익수 - left field<br />
**중견수 - center field<br />
**우익수 - right field<br />
*내야수 - infielder<br />
<br />
==Misc==<br />
*심판 - umpire<br />
*어린이 야구 - little league<br />
*파도타기 응원 - the wave<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Sports]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sports]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/HomonymsHomonyms2022-10-15T09:30:56Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>Homonyms (Korean:동음 이의어) are "words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation, but have different meanings."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym]<br />
<br />
'''Note''': We have excluded one syllable Hanja characters unless there is a non Hanja meaning as well.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! Korean Word<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Meanings<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|개<br />
|<br />
#Dog<br />
#Thing, item (used as a [[counters|counter]])<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|걸다<br />
|<br />
#To hang,<br />
#To bet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|걸리다<br />
|<br />
#To be hung<br />
#To take time<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|구하다<br />
|<br />
#<[[救]]>To save, to rescue<br />
#<[[求]]>To look for, to seek<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기타<br />
|<br />
#Guitar<br />
#<[[其]][[他]]> A word to convey a similar expression to: 'the rest', 'the others', 'and so forth', 'and what not', 'and other things'.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|김<br />
|<br />
#Dried seaweed<br />
#Steam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|눈<br />
|<br />
#Snow<br />
#Eye<br />
|When pronounced, 눈 (snow) has a slightly longer vowel sound<br />
|-<br />
|다리<br />
|<br />
#Leg<br />
#Bridge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|대기<br />
|<br />
#<[[大]][[氣]]> Atmosphere<br />
#<[[待]][[機]]> Stand by, be on standby<br />
|-<br />
|들다<br />
|<br />
#Carry, hold, pick up<br />
#Enter, walk into, go into, step into<br />
#Sharp<br />
#Honorific word for eat or drink<br />
|Many people don't realize the phrase 드세요 is from 들다 + 세요<br />
|-<br />
|마르다<br />
|<br />
#To become dry<br />
#To lose weight, to become thin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|맞다<br />
|<br />
#To be right, to be correct<br />
#To be hit, to be beaten<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|묻다<br />
|<br />
#To ask<br />
#To bite<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|미치다<br />
|<br />
#To be crazy<br />
#Reach, extend over<br />
#To be a match for, to be equal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부르다<br />
|<br />
#To call (out)<br />
#To sing (노래 부르다)<br />
#To be full (배 부르다)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|빠지다<br />
|<br />
#To fall out<br />
#To be addicted to, to be engrossed in<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|사과<br />
|<br />
#Apple<br />
#Apology<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|선물<br />
|<br />
#<[[膳]][[物]]> Present, gift<br />
#<[[先]][[物]]> Futures (stock)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|실수<br />
|<br />
#<[[失]][[手]]> Mistake, error<br />
#<[[實]][[數]]> Real number (mathematics)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|싸다<br />
|<br />
#To be cheap<br />
#To wrap, pack up or package<br />
#To release (used for urinating, defecating and ejaculating)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|쓰다<br />
|<br />
#To write<br />
#To use<br />
#To be bitter<br />
#To wear (a hat, glasses<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 안심<br />
|<br />
#Relaxation, feeling relieved<br />
#Beef tenderloin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|연기<br />
|<br />
#<[[煙]][[氣]]> Smoke<br />
#<[[演]][[技]]> Acting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|열<br />
|<br />
#The number '10' (native Korean number system)<br />
#Fever<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|운동<br />
|<br />
#Exercise<br />
#Movement (organized activity to achieve something)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|의사<br />
|<br />
#<[[醫]][[師]]> Doctor<br />
#<[[意]][[思]]> Intention, intent<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|이상<br />
|<br />
#<[[異]][[常]]/[[異]][[狀]]> Weird, strange, abnormal, a disorder<br />
#<[[以]][[上]]> More than, (number) or more<br />
|이상 #1 can be written in two different ways via [[hanja]].<br />
|-<br />
|인분<br />
|<br />
#Serving (used as a [[counters|counter]])<br />
#<[[人]][[糞]]> Feces<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|인정<br />
|<br />
#<[[人]][[情]]> Human feelings, sympathy, pity, compassion<br />
#<[[認]][[定]]> Recognition, ackowledgement, admission<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자리<br />
|<br />
#Seat<br />
#Space, room (for something)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|점<br />
|<br />
#Dot, mole<br />
#Fortune-telling<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|직장<br />
|<br />
#<[[職]][[場]]> Work, workplace<br />
#<[[直]][[腸]]> Rectum<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|지방<br />
|<br />
#<[[脂]][[肪]]> Fat<br />
#<[[地]][[方]]> Any area outside of Seoul (countryside)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|타다<br />
|<br />
#To ride<br />
#To burn<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|팔<br />
|<br />
#The number '8' (Native Korean numbers)<br />
#Arm<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|풀<br />
|<br />
#Glue<br />
#Grass<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/HomonymsHomonyms2022-10-15T09:28:55Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>Homonyms (Korean:동음 이의어) are "words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation, but have different meanings."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym]<br />
<br />
'''Note''': We have excluded one syllable Hanja characters unless there is a non Hanja meaning as well.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! Korean Word<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Meanings<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
|개<br />
|<br />
#Dog<br />
#Thing, item (used as a [[counters|counter]])<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|걸다<br />
|<br />
#To hang,<br />
#To bet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|걸리다<br />
|<br />
#To be hung<br />
#To take time<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|구하다<br />
|<br />
#<[[救]]>To save, to rescue<br />
#<[[求]]>To look for, to seek<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기타<br />
|<br />
#Guitar<br />
#<[[其]][[他]]> A word to convey a similar expression to: 'the rest', 'the others', 'and so forth', 'and what not', 'and other things'.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|김<br />
|<br />
#Dried seaweed<br />
#Steam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|눈<br />
|<br />
#Snow<br />
#Eye<br />
|When pronounced, 눈 (snow) has a slightly longer vowel sound<br />
|-<br />
|다리<br />
|<br />
#Leg<br />
#Bridge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|대기<br />
|<br />
#<[[大]][[氣]]> Atmosphere<br />
#<[[待]][[機]]> Stand by, be on standby<br />
|-<br />
|들다<br />
|<br />
#Carry, hold, pick up<br />
#Enter, walk into, go into, step into<br />
#Sharp<br />
#Honorific word for eat or drink<br />
|Many people don't realize the phrase 드세요 is from 들다 + 세요<br />
|-<br />
|마르다<br />
|<br />
#To become dry<br />
#To lose weight, to become thin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|맞다<br />
|<br />
#To be right, to be correct<br />
#To be hit, to be beaten<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|묻다<br />
|<br />
#To ask<br />
#To bite<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|미치다<br />
|<br />
#To be crazy<br />
#Reach, extend over<br />
#To be a match for, to be equal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부르다<br />
|<br />
#<br />
#<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|빠지다<br />
|<br />
#To fall out<br />
#To be addicted to, to be engrossed in<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|사과<br />
|<br />
#Apple<br />
#Apology<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|선물<br />
|<br />
#<[[膳]][[物]]> Present, gift<br />
#<[[先]][[物]]> Futures (stock)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|실수<br />
|<br />
#<[[失]][[手]]> Mistake, error<br />
#<[[實]][[數]]> Real number (mathematics)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|싸다<br />
|<br />
#To be cheap<br />
#To wrap, pack up or package<br />
#To release (used for urinating, defecating and ejaculating)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|쓰다<br />
|<br />
#To write<br />
#To use<br />
#To be bitter<br />
#To wear (a hat, glasses<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 안심<br />
|<br />
#Relaxation, feeling relieved<br />
#Beef tenderloin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|연기<br />
|<br />
#<[[煙]][[氣]]> Smoke<br />
#<[[演]][[技]]> Acting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|열<br />
|<br />
#The number '10' (native Korean number system)<br />
#Fever<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|운동<br />
|<br />
#Exercise<br />
#Movement (organized activity to achieve something)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|의사<br />
|<br />
#<[[醫]][[師]]> Doctor<br />
#<[[意]][[思]]> Intention, intent<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|이상<br />
|<br />
#<[[異]][[常]]/[[異]][[狀]]> Weird, strange, abnormal, a disorder<br />
#<[[以]][[上]]> More than, (number) or more<br />
|이상 #1 can be written in two different ways via [[hanja]].<br />
|-<br />
|인분<br />
|<br />
#Serving (used as a [[counters|counter]])<br />
#<[[人]][[糞]]> Feces<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|인정<br />
|<br />
#<[[人]][[情]]> Human feelings, sympathy, pity, compassion<br />
#<[[認]][[定]]> Recognition, ackowledgement, admission<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자리<br />
|<br />
#Seat<br />
#Space, room (for something)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|점<br />
|<br />
#Dot, mole<br />
#Fortune-telling<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|직장<br />
|<br />
#<[[職]][[場]]> Work, workplace<br />
#<[[直]][[腸]]> Rectum<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|지방<br />
|<br />
#<[[脂]][[肪]]> Fat<br />
#<[[地]][[方]]> Any area outside of Seoul (countryside)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|타다<br />
|<br />
#To ride<br />
#To burn<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|팔<br />
|<br />
#The number '8' (Native Korean numbers)<br />
#Arm<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|풀<br />
|<br />
#Glue<br />
#Grass<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-07-29T06:21:29Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
==Idioms==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|전화위복 <br />
|轉禍爲福<br />
|<br />
|Bad luck often brings good luck; A blessing in disguise<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|호시탐탐 <br />
|虎視眈眈<br />
|<br />
|Waiting for an opportunity (to do something), waiting for an opening, waiting to pounce. You watch a situation and wait until you see an opportunity to take advantage of the situation<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|승승장구 <br />
|乘勝長驅<br />
|<br />
|Keep on winning, being on a roll, going from strength to strength, being on the up and up<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (승승장구하다)<br />
|-<br />
|천생연분<br />
|天生緣分<br />
|<br />
|A match made in heaven; to be a perfect match<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
These function like actual words<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|대성통곡<br />
|大聲痛哭<br />
|<br />
|Weep loudly, mourn bitterly<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (대성통곡하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일취월장 <br />
|日就月將<br />
|Making progress day after day, month after month<br />
|Making steady progress<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (일취월장 하다)<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Idioms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-07-05T09:45:25Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
==Idioms==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|호시탐탐 <br />
|虎視眈眈<br />
|<br />
|Waiting for an opportunity (to do something), waiting for an opening, waiting to pounce. You watch a situation and wait until you see an opportunity to take advantage of the situation<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|승승장구 <br />
|乘勝長驅<br />
|<br />
|Keep on winning, being on a roll, going from strength to strength, being on the up and up<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (승승장구하다)<br />
|-<br />
|천생연분<br />
|天生緣分<br />
|<br />
|A match made in heaven; to be a perfect match<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
These function like actual words<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|대성통곡<br />
|大聲痛哭<br />
|<br />
|Weep loudly, mourn bitterly<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (대성통곡하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일취월장 <br />
|日就月將<br />
|Making progress day after day, month after month<br />
|Making steady progress<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (일취월장 하다)<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Idioms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Template:Conjugation_tableTemplate:Conjugation table2021-07-01T05:24:15Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:65%;" <br />
|-<br />
|+Conjugation Rule<br />
! !! Pattern !! Case !! Example<br />
|-<br />
| Rule 1:<br />
| {{{Pattern1}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{{Description1|}}} | {{{Description1}}}|If there is no [[받침]] or if the adjective/verb stem has ㄹ as a [[받침]]}}<br />
| {{{Examples1}}}<br />
|-<br />
| Rule 2:<br />
| {{{Pattern2}}}<br />
| {{#if: {{{Description2|}}} | {{{Description2}}}|If there is a [[받침]] at the end of the adjective/verb stem}}<br />
| {{{Examples2}}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
This is used on grammar pages and built into the grammar template.<br />
*Now optional parameters '''Description1''' and '''Description2''' if you don't want the default messages:<br />
**If there is no [[받침]] or if the adj/verb stem ends with a ㄹ [[받침]]<br />
**If there is a [[받침]] at the end of the adj/verb stem<br />
</noinclude></div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%95%84/%EC%96%B4_%EB%B4%A4%EC%9E%90아/어 봤자2021-06-30T15:39:53Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''A/V + 아/어/여 봤자''': This pattern is used to indicate that there is no use in trying to do something. Depending on the sentence, it might be translated as:<br />
* There's no use in (verb) + ing<br />
* Even with (something) / Even if (something)<br />
* It doesn't matter how ~<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
* The first clause describes the useless action or <br />
* The second clause describes why the action will be useless or won't live up to expectations<br />
* Normally cannot be used with past tense forms in either clause<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1= adjective/verb + 아/어 봤자 <br />
|Examples1= 가다 → 가 봤자 <br />
|Pattern2= adjective/verb + 아/어 봤자 <br />
|Examples2= 받다 → 받아 봤자<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =울어 봤자 소용없어. <br />
|Engex1 =It's no use to cry.<br />
|Comment1 =low form<br />
|Korex2 = 그에게 충고해 봤자 소용없어요. <br />
|Engex2 =Advice is no use to him.<br />
|Comment2 =polite informal form<br />
|Korex3 =그래 봤자 소용없어.<br />
|Engex3 =It is useless doing that.<br />
|Comment3 =low form<br />
|Korex4 =남자친구한테 잘해줘 봤자 소용없어. <br />
|Engex4 =No matter how nice you would be to a man, it is of no use.<br />
|Comment4 =low form<br />
|Korex5 =졸라 봤자 안가르쳐 줄거예요.<br />
|Engex5 = Even if you ask importunately, I won't tell you. <br />
|Comment5 =polite informal form<br />
|Korex6 =운전을 배워봤자, 쓸데 없어. 난 자동차도 없어.<br />
|Engex6 =Even if I learn to drive, it's no use. I don't even have a car. <br />
|Comment6 =low form<br />
|Korex7 = 노력 해봤자 그 사람을 따라갈 수 없을거야. <br />
|Engex7 =Even if you work hard, you won't able to keep up. <br />
|Comment7 =low form<br />
|Korex8 =이 라면 한 그릇 먹어 봤자 간에 기별도 안 가요.<br />
|Engex8 =Even if I eat a bowl of this ramyeon, my stomach will hardly notice. <br />
|Comment8 =polite informal form<br />
|Korex9 =길이 아무리 막혀봤자 3시간안에 도착할거야. <br />
|Engex9 =No matter how congested the roads are, we can arrive in 3 hours<br />
|Comment9 =low form<br />
|Korex10 = 뛰어 봤자 벼룩이지.<br />
|Engex10 =You can run, but you can't hide.<br />
|Comment10 = proverb<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Exceptions==<br />
*Example<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*Related topic or grammar<br />
<br />
==Textbook references==<br />
* Korean Grammar in Use (intermediate): pg 360<br />
<br />
[[Category:아/어/여 form|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Non final ending|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 4 grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/(%EC%9C%BC)%E3%84%B9%EB%9E%98%EC%9A%94(으)ㄹ래요2021-06-30T15:28:01Z<p>DigitalSoju: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''V + (으)ㄹ래요''' : This grammar pattern has several usages:<br />
#When used with in the first person tense, it is used to expresses the intention or will of the speaker. <br />
#When used with another subject, it asks for the thoughts and intentions of the listener. This can be a polite way of asking someone if they want to or can do something either with you or for you. However in the case with strangers, elders or people in a higher status position, you should attach the honorific suffix [[시]] if you are asking them to do something for you, otherwise it can still seem rude (even with a 요 ending!). See below.<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*This pattern cannot be used in the third person.<br />
*When combined with the honorific attachment [[시]] can be used to ask if the listener wants to or can do something. In general, you should use the [[시]] attachment to form -실래요 when speaking to strangers, elders or people in a higher status position, otherwise it can sound rude (even with 요 at the end). Also when asking for something in a restaurant, use the -실래요 ending instead of just ㄹ래요.<br />
**할아버지, 가실래요?{{correct}} [Would you like to go, Grandpa?] <br />
**할아버지, 갈래요? {{incorrect}}<br />
*Using words that are already normally not polite on their own still remain rude or can seem even more rude due to a feeling of sarcasm. It's quite similar to saying "Would you shut up?" in English, where 'would you' doesn't make the sentence any more polite than just 'shut up.'<br />
**비켜 줄래? [You mind getting out of the way?]<br />
**닥쳐 줄래? [Would you shut up?]<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1= Verb + ㄹ 래요 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1= 가다 → 갈래요 <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
|Pattern2= Verb + 을래요 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= 먹다 → 먹을래요 <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
}}<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
'''1st person usage examples'''. Note that 난 is used in the examples instead of 나는 since most of these examples are from spoken situations.<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = "나는 이제 잘래."<br />
|Engex1 = "I'm going to sleep now."<br />
|Comment1 = Low form<br />
|Korex2 = (식당에서)<br>'''A:''' "뭐 먹을래?"<br>'''B:'''"나는 비빔밥 먹을래. "<br />
|Engex2 = (At a restaurant)<br>'''A:'''"What are you going to have?"<br>'''B:'''"I'll have bibimbap."<br />
|Comment2 =Low form. '''Note:''' Person B is telling his friend what he's going to have, if he was telling<br> the server it would sound rude.<br />
|Korex3 = 난 그 사람 다시 안 만날래.<br />
|Engex3 = "I'm not going to meet that person again."<br />
|Comment3 =Low form<br />
|Korex4 ="우리 저녁먹으러 가는데, 너도 갈래?"<br>"아니, 난 안 갈래."<br />
|Engex4 =A:"We are going to go for dinner, will you join us"<br>B:"No, I'm not going."<br />
|Comment4 =Low form<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 ="<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Examples for meaning #2.<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = "내일 영화보러 갈래요?"<br />
|Engex1 = "Do you want to go see a movie tomorrow?"<br />
|Comment1 = Polite informal form<br />
|Korex2 = "너는 졸업 후에 뭐 할래?"<br />
|Engex2 = "What do you want to do after graduation?"<br />
|Comment2 =Low form<br />
|Korex3 ="커피 마실래요?"<br />
|Engex3 ="Would you like to drink some coffee?" / "Would you like to go drink some coffee?"<br />
|Comment3 =Polite informal form. The meaning depends on the context.<br />
|Korex4 =너 죽을래?<br />
|Engex4 ="Do you wanna die?"<br />
|Comment4 =Low form<br />
|Korex5 ="우리 집에 놀러 올래?"<br />
|Engex5 ="Do you wanna come hang out at my house?"<br />
|Comment5 =Low form<br />
|Korex6 ="좀 도와 줄래요?"<br />
|Engex6 ="Would you mind helping me?"<br />
|Comment6 = Polite informal form<br />
|Korex7 ="내일 아침에 깨워줄래?"<br />
|Engex7 ="Would you mind waking me up tomorrow morning?"<br />
|Comment7 =Low form<br />
|Korex8 ="같이 갈래요?"<br />
|Engex8 ="Would you like to go together? (Shall we go together?)"<br />
|Comment8 =polite informal<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Examples using the honorific marker 시 (-실래요):<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =<br />
|Engex1 =<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 = (식당에서)<br>"소주 한 병 더 주실래요?"<br />
|Engex2 = (At a restaurant, speaking to a server)<br>"Could I have another bottle of soju?"<br />
|Comment2 =주다 + 시 = 주시다. 주세요 can be another way to ask in this situation.<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 =<br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
[[Category:Incomplete sentences]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[고싶다]]<br />
*[[(으)ㄹ까요]]<br />
<!--snu green pg 189--><br />
<br />
[[Category:SNU level 2 grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Interrogative|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Final endings|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Propositive|ㅇ]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-19T08:48:58Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
==Idioms==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|호시탐탐 <br />
|虎視眈眈<br />
|<br />
|Waiting for an opportunity (to do something), waiting for an opening, waiting to pounce. You watch a situation and wait until you see an opportunity to take advantage of the situation<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|승승장구 <br />
|乘勝長驅<br />
|<br />
|Keep on winning, being on a roll, going from strength to strength, being on the up and up<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (승승장구하다)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
These function like actual words<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|대성통곡<br />
|大聲痛哭<br />
|<br />
|Weep loudly, mourn bitterly<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (대성통곡하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일취월장 <br />
|日就月將<br />
|Making progress day after day, month after month<br />
|Making steady progress<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (일취월장 하다)<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Idioms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/User_talk:MorphoneUser talk:Morphone2021-06-17T11:06:26Z<p>DigitalSoju: Reverted edits by Morphone (talk) to last revision by DigitalSoju</p>
<hr />
<div>== Thank you for your contributions! ==<br />
You've turned the passive form page into one of the most detailed on the internet for Korean language learners. Much appreciated and looking forward to more<br />
--[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 08:02, 10 June 2021 (CEST)<br />
<br />
RE: This grammar part is an elephant in the room that no one dares to talk about. I dare to analyze the elephant. [[User:Morphone|Morphone]] ([[User talk:Morphone|talk]]) 04:53, 11 June 2021 (CEST)<br />
<br />
That's awesome! I'm not as active on here, but I randomly had the urge to update some stuff and I noticed all the work you put into those pages. I'll take a look at what you have and try to correct any mistakes, but so far it looks pretty good. I originally started this project in 2008 after attending a language program at 서울대 and having to rely on so many different textbooks. I wanted to combine all the information into one source. Even after all of these years, I still get confused with the passive form in Korean, so I'm really happy to see the content you've added as it's useful for me as well. --[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 05:32, 11 June 2021 (CEST)</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-11T03:35:01Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|대성통곡<br />
|大聲痛哭<br />
|<br />
|Weep loudly, mourn bitterly<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (대성통곡하다)<br />
|-<br />
|호시탐탐 <br />
|虎視眈眈<br />
|<br />
|Waiting for an opportunity (to do something), waiting for an opening, waiting to pounce. You watch a situation and wait until you see an opportunity to take advantage of the situation<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|승승장구 <br />
|乘勝長驅<br />
|<br />
|Keep on winning, being on a roll, going from strength to strength, being on the up and up<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (승승장구하다)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]<br />
[[Category:Idioms]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/HanjaHanja2021-06-11T03:34:11Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* Misc */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hanja''' (한자, 漢字) is the Korean name for '''Chinese characters'''. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. ''Hanja-mal'' (한자말) or ''hanja-eo'' (한자어, [[漢]][[字]][[語]]) refers to words which can be written with hanja, and ''hanmun'' (한문, [[漢]][[文]]) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although "hanja" is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. ''Han'' here ([[漢]]) means Chinese. Because hanja never underwent systematic reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese and ''kyūjitai'' characters. Only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan (''kanji'') and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Unlike Japanese, Korean does not give Chinese characters native readings: they are used only for words directly borrowed from Chinese. Native Korean words are always rendered solely in hangeul.<br />
<br />
*[[Hanja (article)]]<br />
<br />
==Hanja Lessons==<br />
*[[Important 한자]]<br />
*[[Important 한자 2]]<br />
*[[Important 한자 3]]<br />
*[[Cheonjamun]] "Thousand Character Classic"<br />
*[[Writing Hanja]]<br />
*[http://hanja.me Hanja Explorer] - The Hanja Explorer is a new website to study Hanja didactically. Rather than trying to learn Hanja directly, it helps you udnerstand how it's used in different Korean words.<br />
<br />
*Beginners 한자<br />
*Intermediate 한자<br />
*Advanced 한자<br />
<br />
==Hanja for 한자 시험 ==<br />
These are the hanja grouped by levels of the 한자능력검정시험. Although the test is entirely in Korean, the English definitions are in parentheses as an aid. The definitions and "long sound" associations are complete for levels 8 ~ 3I. Those hanja which only occasionally have a long sound have not been marked as such. Completing the radicals is on the to-do list. <br />
*[[Level 8]] 50 total beginner hanja<br />
*[[Level 7]] 102 elementary school<br />
*[[Level 6]] 142 elementary school<br />
*[[Level 5]] 184 elementary school<br />
*[[Level 4II]] 313 middle school<br />
*[[Level 4I]] 232 middle school<br />
*[[Level 3II]] 357 high school<br />
*[[Level 3I]] 414 high school<br />
*[[Level 2]] 539 college<br />
*[[Level 1]] 1151 scholarly<br />
*[[Level 0]] 4000+ Ph.D level (특급 I & II)<br />
<br />
==Hanja characters==<br />
*[[:Category:Chinese_Roots|Find by Korean character]]<br />
*[[:Category:Hanja|Find by Chinese character]]<br />
<br />
==Misc==<br />
* [[사자성어]] - idioms formed with 4 characters of Hanja<br />
<br />
===Common Hanja used in names===<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! Surnames<br />
! Hangeul/한글<br />
! Hanja/한자<br />
! Rough Meaning(s)<br />
|-<br />
| Kang<br />
| 강<br />
| 姜/ 剛/ 康/ 強/ 彊/ 江<br />
| ginger/ hard, tough, rigid, strong / peaceful, quiet; happy, healthy / strong, powerful, energetic / stubborn, uncompromising / Large river, yangtze<br />
|-<br />
| Kim, Gim<br />
| 김<br />
| 金<br />
| Gold<br />
|-<br />
| Park, Bak, Pak<br />
| 박<br />
| 朴<br />
| Simple, Unadorned<br />
|-<br />
| Lee, I<br />
| 이<br />
| 李<br />
| Plum; Judge<br />
|-<br />
| Yoo<br />
| 유<br />
| 劉<br />
| Kill/Destroy<br />
|-<br />
| Yoon<br />
| 윤<br />
| 尹<br />
| Govern<br />
|-<br />
| Jung, Jeong<br />
| 정<br />
| 鄭/丁<br />
| Henan State / male adult; robust, vigorous; 4th heavenly stem<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! Given Names<br />
! Hangeul/한글<br />
! Hanja/한자<br />
! Rough Meaning(s)<br />
! Gender Association<br />
|- <br />
| Eun<br />
| 은<br />
| 恩<br />
| Kindness, Mercy, charity<br />
| female?<br />
|-<br />
| Kyeong, Kyung<br />
| 경<br />
| 景<br />
| Scenery, view, conditions<br />
| ?<br />
|-<br />
| Keun<br />
| 근<br />
| 根<br />
| root, basis, foundation<br />
| Male?<br />
|-<br />
| Geum<br />
| 금<br />
| 金<br />
| Gold<br />
| Unisex<br />
|-<br />
| Gwang<br />
| 광<br />
| 光<br />
| Light<br />
| Unisex<br />
|-<br />
| Rim/Lim<br />
| 림<br />
| 琳<br />
| Beautiful Jade, gem<br />
| Female?<br />
|-<br />
| Myung<br />
| 명<br />
| 明<br />
| Bright, Wisdom, Ming Dynasty<br />
| Unisex<br />
|-<br />
| Mi<br />
| 미<br />
| 美<br />
| Beautiful<br />
| Female<br />
|-<br />
| Hyung<br />
| 형<br />
| 炯/亨<br />
| bright, brilliant, clear/Smooth, progressing, no trouble<br />
|-<br />
| Hye<br />
| 혜<br />
| 惠<br />
| favor, confer kindness, benefit<br />
| female?<br />
|-<br />
| Hwa<br />
| 화<br />
| 花/火<br />
| Flower/Flame<br />
| Female/Male?<br />
|-<br />
| Suk, Seok<br />
| 석<br />
| 碩/ 錫<br />
| great, eminent, big / boundless, widespread<br />
| Male<br />
|-<br />
| Su<br />
| 수<br />
| 洙<br />
| name of a river in Shandong<br />
| Unisex<br />
|-<br />
| Yoon<br />
| 윤<br />
| 潤<br />
| Bright<br />
| Unisex<br />
|- <br />
| Yong (Ryeong)<br />
| 용, 령<br />
| 龍/竜<br />
| Dragon<br />
| Male<br />
|-<br />
| Jae<br />
| 재<br />
| 在<br />
| Be at, in, on; consist in, rest<br />
| Unisex?<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FAQ==<br />
===What is the point in learning Hanja?===<br />
1. A great deal of Korean words are made up of hanja. Learning the hanja will allow you to memorize the words more quickly, as knowing the roots will assist you in this process. In English, it can be equated to knowing Latin and Greek root words. Knowing the root of a word can help you understand its meaning and remember it later. <br />
<br />
2. This will also serve you well in other countries. If your visual memory is strong, the hanja you learn in Korea can be found (with some differences) in Japan, China and Taiwan. Thus even a limited grasp of hanja is useful when traveling in Asia. For example, numbers for dates, times, and prices.<br />
<br />
3. There are also a lot of hanja the average person is expected to know, for example man (男) and woman (女), so a door might be labeled with the hanja characters on a rest room door. This would be a good time to know hanja so you don't walk into the wrong bathroom! For real life images of hanja in use, see: [[:Category:Hanja images]]<br />
<br />
4. It will really help your pronunciation. Ask yourself, can you discern between the following:<br />
권 (5 hanja for level 3) and 관 (9 hanja for level 3) e.g. ... do you say 관력 as a mistake for 권력 (power)?<br />
정 and 청 ? e.g. do you say 정소 or 청소 for 'to clean'? <br />
장 and 창 ? e.g. do you say 청와대 or 정와대 for 'the Korean presidential mansion, the so-called 'blue house'' ? <br />
<br />
Hanja study will help supplement your weak areas. When pronuncing words, you may be slurring them, but you will never pass a hanja test without knowing which is which? <br />
<br />
5. Finally, it will increase your vocabulary because even though you may be aware that 손바닥 장 (掌) means 'palm' in English, do you know what palm is in Korean? And, do you know the differnce between 이르다 and 이루다 ? Here, studying hanja will help teach you the meaning of Korean vocabulary you otherwise may not have studied so in depth.<br />
<br />
===Does every Hanja character have only one sound representation?===<br />
No, some Hanja characters have more than one representation.<br />
<br />
In some cases the pronunciation depends on where it appears in a word. For example the character [[年]](year) is pronounced as 연 if it appears at the beginning of the word, and 년 if it appears elsewhere. This is the result of a historic sound change where /l/ and in certain cases /n/ dropped at the beginning of words (hence the name Lee being written in Hangeul as 이). This sound change did not take place in northern Korean, however, and the readings remain formally unified in the North (hence 리 rather than 이). In standard South Korean, then, any Sino-Korean lexeme that begins with ㄹ when word-medial or word-final will begin ㅇ when word-initial, i.e. a character with a reading beginning with ㄹ will always lose that ㄹ at the beginning of a word. In certain cases a character with a historic (etymological) reading beginning with ㄹ is given the reading ㄴ, as in former President Roh Moo-hyun's surname 노. In the special case of the morphemes 률 and 렬, the ㄹ will drop after a vowel or after ㄴ. Occasionally the character is subject to other general phonetic variations that occur in Korean. In these cases the divergent readings will closely resemble each other.<br />
<br />
In other, unpredictable, instances the character may have (or have had) more than one reading in standard Chinese.<br />
<br />
See the table below:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Character !! South Korean representation !! Notes !! Examples<br />
|-<br />
|年 (year) ||연, 년 || Pronounced 연 at the beginning of a word, 년 elsewhere<br />
|<br />
*연초 <年初> - the beginning of the year<br />
*연말 <年末> - the end of the year<br />
*작년 <昨年> - last year<br />
*내년 <來年> - next year<br />
|-<br />
|立 (stand, establish )||입, 립 || Pronounced 입 at the beginning of a word, 립 elsewhere<br />
|<br />
*입식 <立式> -<br />
*독립 <獨立> - independence<br />
*조립 <組立> - construction, set-up<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|女 (girl, woman)||여, 녀 || Pronounced 여 at the beginning of a word, 녀 elsewhere<br />
|<br />
*여자 <女子> - woman, female<br />
*여학생 <女學生> - a female student<br />
*소녀 <少女> - a young girl<br />
*미녀 <美女> - a beautiful girl<br />
|-<br />
|不 (negation) ||불, 부 || Before the initial sound of ㄷ or ㅈ, it becomes '부'. For all other cases it becomes '불'<br />
|<br />
*부정 <不正> - unlawfulness, dishonesty<br />
*부득이 <不得已> - unavoidably, inevitably<br />
*불편 <不便> - discomfort<br />
*불가능 < 不可能 > - impossibility<br />
|}<br />
<!--<br />
Others 律(울), 料(요), 率(율), 로/노 (multiple) , 록, 악/락, 려/여, 량/양, 역/력, 례/예, 용/룡<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===How do I find a certain character in a dictionary?===<br />
Depending on dictionary, there are a number of ways to look up a character, especially in electronic ones. They can sometimes be found in the 국어 ''(language)'' menu.<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''Normal look up (한글->한자)'''<br />
<br /><br />
This is probably the easiest way to find one in daily use in Korea. This type of look up is for Sino-Korean vocabulary (words of Chinese origin). For example, to see which characters make up the word 무한 ([[無]][[限]]), just type in the words as you would in a normal Korean vocabulary look up and the characters should appear next to the Korean word. Some electric dictionaries will have separate look up methods, one for normal Korean usage, and one that will break down each character and will give meanings for each character.<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''By Pronunciation/음 (한글->한자)'''<br />
<br /><br />
Type in the pronunciation, for example 무, and anywhere from 10 to 60 different characters will be shown that has that pronunciation. Although a clear demonstration as to the need for hanja for clarification, this is a fairly tedious way to find characters.<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''By Stroke/획수 (한자->한글)'''<br />
<br /><br />
For many simple characters and beginners, it is easiest to count the number of strokes and putting that number into the search. "총획수" indicates that the number of strokes you put in is the number of strokes for the entire character.<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
'''By Radical/부수 (한자->한글)'''<br />
<br /><br />
For more complex characters and those familiar with hanja, it is easiest to look up by number of strokes in the radical (부수획수). Correctly identify the number of strokes in the radical and type that into the search. Then type the number of strokes in the rest of the character (잔여획수).<br />
<br />
===In what order are the strokes for a character?===<br />
<br />
===How do I type a Hanja character?===<br />
====By web tool====<br />
A bit clumsy, but install free option is using a web tool like http://www.zonmal.com/hanja_um1.asp<br />
<br />
====For Windows====<br />
[[File:Language bar undocked windows7.jpg|right|thumb|Undocked language bar panel on Windows 7|250px]]<br />
[[File:Language bar docked windows7.jpg|right|thumb|Docked language bar panel on Windows 7|250px]]<br />
Type in the Korean 한글 equivalent of the word for which you want the hanja form. While the the character is still "active" (meaning you can still see the line underneath the character), click the [漢] icon (in the language toolbar) and a small menu of the all the possible hanja characters should pop up. Type the designated number or click the desired character and it should replace the Korean 한글 with hanja. Alternatively, you can click on the bucket icon to draw the hanja you want.<br />
If you're in the Windows 8.x's Modern environment, you'll have to highlight one character, or the entire word, and then press the right Ctrl key. In the latter case, you'll get the correct spelling without having to select the correct Hanja for all characters.<br />
{{-}}<br />
====For Mac OS X====<br />
[[File:Type-hanja-mac.png|right|thumb|Hanja selection list in Mac OS X TextEdit.|250px]]<br />
[[File:Mac hanja settings.png|right|thumb|Various Hanja-related preferences. Can be accessed through the flag icon at the top-right of screen.|250px]]<br />
First, enable 한글 typing in the language system preferences; the keyboard input method doesn't matter. Just like in Windows, the "active" character is represented by an underline. While a character is still active, press the key combination "Option-Return." A list of potential Hanja shows up for that character.<br />
You can also change the way Hanja characters are displayed, such as having the 한글 preserved while parenthetically adding Hanja. This and several other Hanja-related settings can be accessed by clicking the flag drop-down menu in the upper-right of the Mac screen.<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
====For Linux====<br />
[[File:input methods.png|right|thumb|Selecting an input method in Linux Mint 18|250px]]<br />
There are different input methods available in Linux that you can choose from. You should always install only one input method, never more than one. Fcitx is maybe the most modern input method, followed by ibus.<br />
<br />
=====Install ibus=====<br />
First, install the hangul package ''ibus-hangul''. The easiest way is to do this by Terminal. Open it and run the command <br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
| ''sudo apt-get install ibus-hangul''<br />
|}<br />
Alternatively, you can do this in Synaptic or Ubuntu Software Center.<br /><br />
Restart your computer and add the hangul input in the system settings. To write hanja select the hangul input mode in the system tray, then click again on its icon and select ''Hanja lock''. When writing in hangul, equivalent hanja characters will popup. Use arrow keys to select and press Enter to convert hangul into hanja.</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/User_talk:MorphoneUser talk:Morphone2021-06-11T03:32:13Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Thank you for your contributions! ==<br />
You've turned the passive form page into one of the most detailed on the internet for Korean language learners. Much appreciated and looking forward to more<br />
--[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 08:02, 10 June 2021 (CEST)<br />
<br />
RE: This grammar part is an elephant in the room that no one dares to talk about. I dare to analyze the elephant. [[User:Morphone|Morphone]] ([[User talk:Morphone|talk]]) 04:53, 11 June 2021 (CEST)<br />
<br />
That's awesome! I'm not as active on here, but I randomly had the urge to update some stuff and I noticed all the work you put into those pages. I'll take a look at what you have and try to correct any mistakes, but so far it looks pretty good. I originally started this project in 2008 after attending a language program at 서울대 and having to rely on so many different textbooks. I wanted to combine all the information into one source. Even after all of these years, I still get confused with the passive form in Korean, so I'm really happy to see the content you've added as it's useful for me as well. --[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 05:32, 11 June 2021 (CEST)</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-11T03:24:54Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|대성통곡<br />
|大聲痛哭<br />
|<br />
|Weep loudly, mourn bitterly<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (대성통곡하다)<br />
|-<br />
|호시탐탐 <br />
|虎視眈眈<br />
|<br />
|Waiting for an opportunity (to do something), waiting for an opening, waiting to pounce. You watch a situation and wait until you see an opportunity to take advantage of the situation<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|승승장구 <br />
|乘勝長驅<br />
|<br />
|Keep on winning, being on a roll, going from strength to strength, being on the up and up<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (승승장구하다)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-11T03:06:11Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (과소평가하다)<br />
|-<br />
|무용지물<br />
|無用之物<br />
|<br />
|Something that is useless, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant white elephant]<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|다재다능<br />
|多才多能<br />
|<br />
|Well-rounded, versatile, all-around (good)<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (다재다능하다)<br />
|-<br />
|비일비재 <br />
|非一非再<br />
|<br />
|Frequent occurrence<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (비일비재하다)<br />
|-<br />
|일거양득 <br />
|一擧兩得<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|자화자찬 <br />
|自畫自讚<br />
|<br />
|Self-praise<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (자화자찬하다)<br />
|-<br />
|유비무환 <br />
|有備無患<br />
|<br />
|Prevention is better than cure, better safe than sorry<br />
|Attaches with -이다<br />
|-<br />
|도중하차 <br />
|途中下車<br />
|<br />
|A stopover, a layover<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (도중하차하다)<br />
|-<br />
|거두절미 <br />
|去頭截尾<br />
|<br />
|To make a long story short<br />
|Attach -하다 to turn it into a verb (거두절미하다)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-11T02:46:22Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Note <br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|고진감래 <br />
|苦盡甘來<br />
|<br />
|No pain, no gain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|견물생심 <br />
|見物生心<br />
|<br />
|Seeing is wanting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|기진맥진 <br />
|氣盡脈盡<br />
|<br />
|Complete exhaustion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|죽마고우 <br />
|竹馬故友<br />
|<br />
|A childhood friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|자신만만<br />
|自信滿滿<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|Full of confidence<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|다다익선 <br />
|多多益善<br />
|<br />
|The more the merrier<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|부지기수 <br />
|不知其數<br />
|<br />
|Countless, boundless<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|학수고대<br />
|鶴首苦待<br />
|<br />
|Look forward to<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|막상막하 <br />
|莫上莫下<br />
|<br />
|Equally matched, neck-and-neck, on par, be 50-50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|과소평가 <br />
|過小評價<br />
|<br />
|Underestimate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1%EC%96%B4사자성어2021-06-10T06:29:53Z<p>DigitalSoju: Created page with "{{stub}} 사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{stub}}<br />
사자성어 are four-character idioms from Chinese. This is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengyu chengyu] in Chinese.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! 4 character idiom !! Chinese Characters !! Translation !!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Literal meaning<br />
|-<br />
|유유상종 <br />
|類類相從<br />
|Birds of a feather flock together<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|일석이조<br />
|一石二鳥<br />
|Kill two birds with one stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|새옹지마<br />
|塞翁之馬<br />
|A blessing in disguise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vocabulary]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/User_talk:MorphoneUser talk:Morphone2021-06-10T06:02:28Z<p>DigitalSoju: Created page with "== Thank you for your contributions! == You've turned the passive form page into one of the most detailed on the internet for Korean language learners. Much appreciated and lo..."</p>
<hr />
<div>== Thank you for your contributions! ==<br />
You've turned the passive form page into one of the most detailed on the internet for Korean language learners. Much appreciated and looking forward to more<br />
--[[User:DigitalSoju|DigitalSoju]] ([[User talk:DigitalSoju|talk]]) 08:02, 10 June 2021 (CEST)</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%83%81_dialect경상 dialect2019-02-11T07:22:05Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DialectTop}}<br />
<!-- We might need to cover north and south 경상 dialect if there's any big differences --~~~~ --><br />
==Location==<br />
This is used in the 경상 region of South Korea. It is located in the South east of Korea.<br />
<br />
In Korean dramas, when remaking Japanese dramas, Busan version of 경상 dialect is often used in place of the Japanese Osaka Dialect for corresponding characters.<br />
<br />
== Generational Gap ==<br />
<br />
The younger generation is perfectly capable of speaking and understand the 서울 dialect. However, they like a lot of the dialect and will use it to joke around among friends. If you don't know the dialect, you're an outsider.<br />
<br />
The older generation can't speak the 서울 dialect if their life depended on it. Even though my wife is from that area, and I've spent several years among them, I still can't understand but one or two of the things they say.<br />
<br />
The middle-aged people try their best, but they are really not good with the 서울 dialect. If you speak with the 서울 dialect they clam up because it feels like you are being formal with them, and they can't keep up.<br />
<br />
== Inflection ==<br />
<br />
The principle characteristic of the 경상 dialect is its inflection compared to 서울말. To a 서울 dialect person, it sounds like they are throwing a tantrum or chewing someone out. To a 경상 person, they are being passionate, while 서울 is cold and too business-like.<br />
<br />
The pattern is generally a large spike, with people who have a stronger version, such as outside of Busan, having a larger spike. This spike includes a spike in pitch (up) and volume (louder) specifically to emphasize words, or the the main point of the sentence. The spike is usually added to the end of the sentence, and dips in the middle. This would look like a sharp mountain peak with an elevator pitch and short rounded dips. Emotion is also emphasized largely with more fricatives, which may accompany the raise in pitch and volume (such as when angry or really upset) or coming down from the peak (when disappointed, defeated or to emphasize a disbelief situation.).<br />
<br />
== Mannerisms ==<br />
<br />
경상 people generally like to touch each other more than other areas. Don't be surprised if someone touches your arm or your head.<br />
<br />
They are generally more devoted to their friends than other areas. Think of them all as [[깡페]] and it will make more sense: I watch your back, you watch mine, and we're all better off. Trust is very important, as well as keeping promises.<br />
<br />
Also, showing your emotions to your friends and family is not only acceptable, but required. It's ok to be angry with each other as long as you let it go eventually. They tend not to bear grudges or take offense as easily as other areas.<br />
<br />
They really, really don't like the 졸라 attitude, which tends to be more egocentric and family-focused, and much more reserved and composed.<br />
<br />
Outside of Busan, they tend to be viewed by Seoul people as "backwater" but conversely, they see Jeolla people as the true "country people" and have a long-standing rivalry with Jeolla. Conversely, most 경상 people don't care about Seoul people's image at all, except viewing them as much more "cold" rather than passionate.<br />
<br />
== Endings ==<br />
<br />
Using the -요 ending as an adult male makes you sound like a woman, or someone from Seoul. Use the -오 form and earn instant respect.<br />
<br />
You'll hear a lot of so-called archaic endings (-게, -거라, etc...). Even the younger generation uses it from time to time.<br />
<br />
You don't hear -ㅂ니다 very much, because men just use -오 so it's not needed.<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
* 기: 것이, 게. Example: 할기다. (할것이다.)<br />
* 카: -고하-. Example: 뭐라카노? (뭐라고 하노?)<br />
<br />
== Words ==<br />
<br />
* 무우다: 먹다<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Lacks ㅟ and ㅚ. Pronounced as ㅣ and ㅔ respectively. Generally, diphthongs don't sound like diphthongs at all.<br />
*Little difference between ㅡ and ㅓ, and ㅐ and ㅔ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**언어 and 은어 → [어너]<br />
*Lacks some double consonants, like ㅆ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**쌌다 → [삳다]<br />
**쌀 → [살]<br />
*Diphthongs commonly lose the 'w' sound <!-- all --><br />
**사과 → [사가]<br />
*Sometimes ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅡ become either ㅓ or ㅣ when there's vowel assimilation<br />
**막히다 → [매키다]<br />
**먹이다 → 매기다<br />
**옮기다 → 앵기다 <!-- ?? --><br />
**죽이다 → 지기다<br />
*Sometimes a ㄱ, ㅋ, or ㄲ at the beginning of a word becomes ㅈ, ㅊ, or ㅉ (old people, may be impediment.)<br />
**김치 → [짐치]<br />
**기름 → [지름]<br />
* Sometimes ㄱ in the middle of the word disappears or becomes 우.<br />
** 목욕 &rarr; 모욕.<br />
** 먹었다 &rarr; 무웄다.<br />
*Sometimes a beginning 히 becomes a 시 (For old people, may be speech impediment.)<br />
**힘 → [심]<br />
*Sometimes a beginning consonant becomes a double <!-- all --><br />
**과자 → [까자]<br />
*Sometimes ㅔ becomes ㅣ<br />
**했는데 &rarr; 했는디<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
The 경상 dialect maintains a trace of Middle Korean: the grammar of the dialect distinguishes between a yes-no question and a wh-question, while Standard Modern Korean does not. With an informal speech level, for example, yes-no questions end with "-a (아)" and wh-questions end with "-o (오)" in the 경상 dialect, whereas in standard speech both types of questions end in either "이" or "어" without a difference between the types of questions. For example:<br />
<br />
*"밥 묵읏나?" as opposed to "밥 먹었니?" or "밥 먹었어?" — "Did you eat?"<br />
*"머 하노?" as opposed to "뭐 하니?" or "뭐 해?" — "What are you doing?"<br />
<br />
Notice that the first question can be answered with a yes or no, while the latter question is to be answered otherwise.<br />
<br />
This phenomenon can also be observed in tag questions, which are answered with a yes or no.<br />
<br />
*"업제 그쟈?" as opposed to "없지, 그렇지?" — "It isn't there, is it?"<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! General 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 대학교 어디 갔노?<br />
| 대학교 어디 갔어?<br />
| Where did you go to college?<br />
|-<br />
| 자 좀 이쁘다<br />
| 쟤 좀 이쁘다<br />
| She is pretty<br />
|-<br />
| 얼마 전에 폰 샀는데 맛 갔다<br />
| 얼마 전에 폰 샀는데 고장났어<br />
| I bought a phone recently and it broke<br />
|-<br />
| 니캉 내캉<br />
| 너랑 니랑<br />
| You and me<br />
|-<br />
| (부산): 와 그라노?<br />
(대구): 니 와카노?<br />
| 왜 그래?<br />
| What's wrong?<br />
|-<br />
| (부산): 하모 니 어디 갈끼고?<br />
(대구): 카모 니 어디 갈낀데?<br />
| 그러면 너 어디 갈 거야?<br />
| So, where are you going?<br />
|-<br />
| (부산): 니 머라 해산노?<br />
(대구): 니 머라 싸노?<br />
| 너 뭐라고 했어?<br />
| What did you say?<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Noun modifiers===<br />
*Instead of -이 after a noun, it becomes -이가 <!-- ??? i don't thinks so.--><br />
**가심이가 아푸다<br />
*Instead of -을/-를, it becomes 로 <!-- ??? --><br />
**물로 묵고<br />
*Instead of -한테, it becomes -인대 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**이거 내인대 잇던 거 아이가?<br />
*Instead of -와/-과, it becomes -캉 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**내캉 가치 가자.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
*Sometimes verbs add 어 instead of 아 for glue <!-- ??? --><br />
**받아 → [받어]<br />
*Sometimes the glue changes <!-- all --><br />
**비벼 → 비비<br />
**줘 → 도 <br />
***이리 줘 → [이리 도]<br />
*Sometimes the bottom consonant isn't removed <!-- all --><br />
**더워 → 덥어<br />
**나아 → 낫아<br />
*Some verbs are very different <!-- all --><br />
**먹다 → 묵다<br />
***먹으면 → 무우면<br />
***먹어서 → 무우서<br />
===Verb Endings===<br />
====Statements====<br />
* -ㅁ니더/-심니더 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -내 (하게체)<br />
* -ㄴ다/-넌다 (해라체)<br />
*Verbs adding 요 for middle form add 얘 instead <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**여기 있어요 → 여기 잇어얘<br />
**여기 있는데요 → 여기 잇넌대얘<br />
====Questions====<br />
* -ㅁ니꺼/-심니꺼 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌교/-(으)ㄴ교 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체) <br />
* -나 (해라체)<br />
Questions with where, why, etc. end with:<br />
*-넌고/-(으)ㄴ고 (하게체)<br />
**어대 가넌고?<br />
**이건 누구 책이고?<br />
*-노 (해라체)<br />
Questions with just yes or no answers, end with:<br />
*-넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체)<br />
**집애 가넌가?<br />
**이건 니 책이가?<br />
*-나 (해라체)<br />
====Other====<br />
*(합쇼체) (으)ㅂ시다 → -(으)입시더 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
*못V can change to [몬]V <!-- all --><br />
**못 하다 → 몬 하다<br />
**못 오다 → 몬 오다<br />
*The quote form can change<br />
**뭐라고요? → 머라꼬예? <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**뭐라고 했냐? → 머라 캣노? <!-- all --><br />
*A verb description a noun can change (-는 → -넌) (-았-/-었- → -앗-/-엇-)<br />
**밥을 먹은 사람 → 밥 무웃넌 사람 <!-- all --><br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅂ or ㅅ where there isn't one in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㅸ, ㅿ)<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅗ where there's a ㅏ in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㆍ)<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! General 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English<br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+General 경상도<br />
! Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 정구지 <br />
| 부추 <br />
| Korean leek, Chinese chive<br />
|-<br />
| 능금 <br />
| 사과 <br />
| apple<br />
|-<br />
| 찌짐/지짐이 <br />
| 전 <br />
| Korean pan fried food<br />
|-<br />
| 가시개 <br />
| 가위 <br />
| scissors<br />
|-<br />
| 새그럽다 <br />
| 시다 <br />
| sour<br />
|-<br />
| 정지 <br />
| 부엌 <br />
| kitchen<br />
|-<br />
| 따시다 <br />
| 따뜻하다 <br />
| warm<br />
|-<br />
| 찹다 <br />
| 차갑다 <br />
| cold<br />
|-<br />
| 디다 <br />
| 힘들다/지치다 <br />
| exhausted<br />
|-<br />
| 올리다 <br />
| 토하다 <br />
| vomit<br />
|-<br />
| 뽀꿈쥐다 <br />
| 꽉 잡다 <br />
| grab tight<br />
|-<br />
| 데피다 <br />
| 데우다 <br />
| heat up<br />
|-<br />
| 봉다리 <br />
| 봉지 <br />
| plastic bag<br />
|-<br />
| 어제 아래 <br />
| 그저께 <br />
| the day before yesterday<br />
|-<br />
| 문때다 <br />
| 문지르다 <br />
| rub off<br />
|-<br />
| 억수로 <br />
| 매우 많이 <br />
| very much<br />
|-<br />
| 가시나<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 머시마<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 아 <br />
| 아이 <br />
| kid<br />
|-<br />
| 아지매<br />
| 아줌마, 고모, 이모<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 아재<br />
| 삼촌 / 아저씨<br />
| Uncle (<br />
|-<br />
| 어무이<br />
| 어머니<br />
| Mother<br />
|-<br />
| 아부지<br />
| 아버지<br />
| Father<br />
|-<br />
| 무시 <br />
| 무<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
*반피 - 바보<br />
*단디하다 - 조심하다<br />
*조포 - 두부 <br />
*무시 - 무<br />
*엿기름 - 엿질금<br />
*위 - 참외<br />
*찌짐 - 부침개<br />
*정구지 - 부추<br />
*오그락지 - 무말랭이<br />
*돌개 - 도라지<br />
*지러기, 지래기 - 겉절이<br />
*콩지름 - 콩나물<br />
*달내이 - 달래<br />
*날세이 - 냉이<br />
*짐치 - 김치<br />
*꼬장 - 고추장<br />
*이밥 - 쌀밥<br />
*무시이퍼리 - 무청<br />
*빌박, 비림박, 비릴박 - 벽<br />
*정낭 - 화장실<br />
*정이 - 부엌<br />
*돌가리 - 시멘트<br />
*다황 - 성냥<br />
*수낏대, 수꿋대, 수꿋대기 - 수수깡<br />
*부석 - 아궁이<br />
*따가리 - 뚜껑<br />
*삽작 - 대문<br />
*동테 - 굴렁쇠<br />
*팽댕이 - 팽이<br />
*두디 - 포대기<br />
*방구 - 바위<br />
*바꾸 - 바퀴<br />
*가시개 - 가위<br />
*바쁘재,보재기 - 보자기<br />
*빼다지 - 서랍<br />
*두지 - 뒤주<br />
*치 - 체<br />
*엉가-언니<br />
*찌리부리하세-찝찔하게<br />
*낭캐-나무<br />
*조막띠-주먹<br />
*날개비-날개<br />
*빵개이-소꿉놀이<br />
*멍다구-멍<br />
*조무래기-꼬마<br />
*모가치-몫<br />
*입살개-고자질을 잘하는 사람<br />
*오떄기-요<br />
*꼬실매-곱슬머리<br />
*검거추룸하다-키가 크고 눈매가 시원하다<br />
*새깔깔이-새것<br />
*떨이미-떨이<br />
*찍자-시비<br />
*꺼꾸-술래<br />
*배찌-괜히<br />
*골띠기-꼴뚜기<br />
*덱끼리-최고<br />
*저모레-글피<br />
*가죽다-가깝다<br />
*까재미-가자미<br />
*이지다-예쁘다<br />
*카바치다-덮다라는 의미<br />
*짜다라-별로 그다리..란 의미<br />
*새까리삐다-수두룩 많다 빼곡히많다라는의미<br />
*소태-짜다<br />
*뻐떡하면-걸핏하면<br />
*주진부리-걸핏하면<br />
*리우리-피래미<br />
*끌뜩그리지마라-사물을 힐긋힐긋보는행위<br />
*영판이다-똑같다<br />
*부엌 - 정재<br />
*간장 - 지렁<br />
*고명 - 끼미<br />
*삽 - 수금포<br />
*가위 - 가시게<br />
*벽 - 비름빡<br />
*서랍 - 빼닫이(빼다지)<br />
*바지 - 주봉<br />
*종이 - 조<br />
*기름 - 지름<br />
<br />
<!-- most of them are very old fashined expressions. I'm originally from 경상도. But I've never heard about many of them. I guess my grand-grandmother and grandmother used to use those words. but 경상도 people are not use those any more. -- Jay shin --><br />
<!-- That makes a lot of sense. Also, we may need different sections for 경상북 and 경상남 since I think some of the terms are different. I've created empty sections so that natives or anyone else can put only confirmed words and phrases in the main area and we'll keep the other unconfirmed stuff after just as examples of other possible dialect words (older or maybe very region specific). --><br />
<br />
===경상북도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in North Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+경상북도<br />
! 경상북도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===경상남도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in South Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+ 경상남도<br />
! 경상남도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| 끌배이<br />
| 거지 <br />
| A beggar, a bum, a lowlife <br />
| 끌배이 is used in Busan only, other areas in Gyeongsang province would say 걸배이<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phrases==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English <br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 뭇나?/밥 먹었나? <br />
| 밥 먹었어? <br />
| Have you eaten?<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 무라 <br />
| 밥 먹어. <br />
| Come and eat.<br />
|-<br />
| 와이라노/와이카노 <br />
| 왜 그래? <br />
| What's wrong? <br />
|-<br />
| 맞나? <br />
| 정말? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 글라? <br />
| 그래? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라캐싼노? <br />
| 뭐라구?/뭐라고 얘기하고 있는거야? <br />
| What are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라고 씨부리쌌노! <br />
| 너 지금 무슨말을 하고있는 거야! <br />
| What the hell are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐고?/뭐꼬? <br />
| 뭐야? <br />
| What is it?<br />
|-<br />
| 가가가가? <br />
| 걔가 그사람이야? <br />
| Is he the guy?<br />
|-<br />
| 엔가이 좀 해라 <br />
| 그만 좀 해.<br />
| Stop it. That's enough.<br />
|-<br />
| 디질래? <br />
| 죽을래? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 죽고싶나 ? <br />
| 죽고 싶어? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 뿌사뿔라 <br />
| 부셔버릴거야. <br />
| I'll break it.<br />
|-<br />
| 아 쫌!! <br />
| 아 그만좀 해. 너 왜자꾸 그러는거니? <br />
| That's enough. What's wrong with you?<br />
|-<br />
| 아니다안캤나 <br />
| 아니라고 하지 않았니? <br />
| I said no. <br />
|-<br />
| 이리온나. <br />
| 이리와. <br />
| Come here.<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[wikipedia:동남 방언]]<br />
*[http://yu.ac.kr/~koredu/dapsa/etc.htm 경북방언의 일반적 특징]<br />
*[http://mirror.enha.kr/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B8 동남방언]<br />
*[[Meta & Wreckx - 무까끼하이]] - 가사가 대구방언인 노래<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAFXL6JsHoI 대구 VS 부산 사투리 비 Daegu VS Busan Dialect]<br />
[[Category:Dialects]]<br />
[[Category:South dialects]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%83%81_dialect경상 dialect2019-02-11T07:05:25Z<p>DigitalSoju: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DialectTop}}<br />
<!-- We might need to cover north and south 경상 dialect if there's any big differences --~~~~ --><br />
==Location==<br />
This is used in the 경상 region of South Korea. It is located in the South east of Korea.<br />
<br />
In Korean dramas, when remaking Japanese dramas, Busan version of 경상 dialect is often used in place of the Japanese Osaka Dialect for corresponding characters.<br />
<br />
== Generational Gap ==<br />
<br />
The younger generation is perfectly capable of speaking and understand the 서울 dialect. However, they like a lot of the dialect and will use it to joke around among friends. If you don't know the dialect, you're an outsider.<br />
<br />
The older generation can't speak the 서울 dialect if their life depended on it. Even though my wife is from that area, and I've spent several years among them, I still can't understand but one or two of the things they say.<br />
<br />
The middle-aged people try their best, but they are really not good with the 서울 dialect. If you speak with the 서울 dialect they clam up because it feels like you are being formal with them, and they can't keep up.<br />
<br />
== Inflection ==<br />
<br />
The principle characteristic of the 경상 dialect is its inflection compared to 서울말. To a 서울 dialect person, it sounds like they are throwing a tantrum or chewing someone out. To a 경상 person, they are being passionate, while 서울 is cold and too business-like.<br />
<br />
The pattern is generally a large spike, with people who have a stronger version, such as outside of Busan, having a larger spike. This spike includes a spike in pitch (up) and volume (louder) specifically to emphasize words, or the the main point of the sentence. The spike is usually added to the end of the sentence, and dips in the middle. This would look like a sharp mountain peak with an elevator pitch and short rounded dips. Emotion is also emphasized largely with more fricatives, which may accompany the raise in pitch and volume (such as when angry or really upset) or coming down from the peak (when disappointed, defeated or to emphasize a disbelief situation.).<br />
<br />
== Mannerisms ==<br />
<br />
경상 people generally like to touch each other more than other areas. Don't be surprised if someone touches your arm or your head.<br />
<br />
They are generally more devoted to their friends than other areas. Think of them all as [[깡페]] and it will make more sense: I watch your back, you watch mine, and we're all better off. Trust is very important, as well as keeping promises.<br />
<br />
Also, showing your emotions to your friends and family is not only acceptable, but required. It's ok to be angry with each other as long as you let it go eventually. They tend not to bear grudges or take offense as easily as other areas.<br />
<br />
They really, really don't like the 졸라 attitude, which tends to be more egocentric and family-focused, and much more reserved and composed.<br />
<br />
Outside of Busan, they tend to be viewed by Seoul people as "backwater" but conversely, they see Jeolla people as the true "country people" and have a long-standing rivalry with Jeolla. Conversely, most 경상 people don't care about Seoul people's image at all, except viewing them as much more "cold" rather than passionate.<br />
<br />
== Endings ==<br />
<br />
Using the -요 ending as an adult male makes you sound like a woman, or someone from Seoul. Use the -오 form and earn instant respect.<br />
<br />
You'll hear a lot of so-called archaic endings (-게, -거라, etc...). Even the younger generation uses it from time to time.<br />
<br />
You don't hear -ㅂ니다 very much, because men just use -오 so it's not needed.<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
* 기: 것이, 게. Example: 할기다. (할것이다.)<br />
* 카: -고하-. Example: 뭐라카노? (뭐라고 하노?)<br />
<br />
== Words ==<br />
<br />
* 무우다: 먹다<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Lacks ㅟ and ㅚ. Pronounced as ㅣ and ㅔ respectively. Generally, diphthongs don't sound like diphthongs at all.<br />
*Little difference between ㅡ and ㅓ, and ㅐ and ㅔ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**언어 and 은어 → [어너]<br />
*Lacks some double consonants, like ㅆ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**쌌다 → [삳다]<br />
**쌀 → [살]<br />
*Diphthongs commonly lose the 'w' sound <!-- all --><br />
**사과 → [사가]<br />
*Sometimes ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅡ become either ㅓ or ㅣ when there's vowel assimilation<br />
**막히다 → [매키다]<br />
**먹이다 → 매기다<br />
**옮기다 → 앵기다 <!-- ?? --><br />
**죽이다 → 지기다<br />
*Sometimes a ㄱ, ㅋ, or ㄲ at the beginning of a word becomes ㅈ, ㅊ, or ㅉ (old people, may be impediment.)<br />
**김치 → [짐치]<br />
**기름 → [지름]<br />
* Sometimes ㄱ in the middle of the word disappears or becomes 우.<br />
** 목욕 &rarr; 모욕.<br />
** 먹었다 &rarr; 무웄다.<br />
*Sometimes a beginning 히 becomes a 시 (For old people, may be speech impediment.)<br />
**힘 → [심]<br />
*Sometimes a beginning consonant becomes a double <!-- all --><br />
**과자 → [까자]<br />
*Sometimes ㅔ becomes ㅣ<br />
**했는데 &rarr; 했는디<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
The 경상 dialect maintains a trace of Middle Korean: the grammar of the dialect distinguishes between a yes-no question and a wh-question, while Standard Modern Korean does not. With an informal speech level, for example, yes-no questions end with "-a (아)" and wh-questions end with "-o (오)" in the 경상 dialect, whereas in standard speech both types of questions end in either "이" or "어" without a difference between the types of questions. For example:<br />
<br />
*"밥 묵읏나?" as opposed to "밥 먹었니?" or "밥 먹었어?" — "Did you eat?"<br />
*"머 하노?" as opposed to "뭐 하니?" or "뭐 해?" — "What are you doing?"<br />
<br />
Notice that the first question can be answered with a yes or no, while the latter question is to be answered otherwise.<br />
<br />
This phenomenon can also be observed in tag questions, which are answered with a yes or no.<br />
<br />
*"업제 그쟈?" as opposed to "없지, 그렇지?" — "It isn't there, is it?"<br />
===Noun modifiers===<br />
*Instead of -이 after a noun, it becomes -이가 <!-- ??? i don't thinks so.--><br />
**가심이가 아푸다<br />
*Instead of -을/-를, it becomes 로 <!-- ??? --><br />
**물로 묵고<br />
*Instead of -한테, it becomes -인대 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**이거 내인대 잇던 거 아이가?<br />
*Instead of -와/-과, it becomes -캉 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**내캉 가치 가자.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
*Sometimes verbs add 어 instead of 아 for glue <!-- ??? --><br />
**받아 → [받어]<br />
*Sometimes the glue changes <!-- all --><br />
**비벼 → 비비<br />
**줘 → 도 <br />
***이리 줘 → [이리 도]<br />
*Sometimes the bottom consonant isn't removed <!-- all --><br />
**더워 → 덥어<br />
**나아 → 낫아<br />
*Some verbs are very different <!-- all --><br />
**먹다 → 묵다<br />
***먹으면 → 무우면<br />
***먹어서 → 무우서<br />
===Verb Endings===<br />
====Statements====<br />
* -ㅁ니더/-심니더 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -내 (하게체)<br />
* -ㄴ다/-넌다 (해라체)<br />
*Verbs adding 요 for middle form add 얘 instead <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**여기 있어요 → 여기 잇어얘<br />
**여기 있는데요 → 여기 잇넌대얘<br />
====Questions====<br />
* -ㅁ니꺼/-심니꺼 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌교/-(으)ㄴ교 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체) <br />
* -나 (해라체)<br />
Questions with where, why, etc. end with:<br />
*-넌고/-(으)ㄴ고 (하게체)<br />
**어대 가넌고?<br />
**이건 누구 책이고?<br />
*-노 (해라체)<br />
Questions with just yes or no answers, end with:<br />
*-넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체)<br />
**집애 가넌가?<br />
**이건 니 책이가?<br />
*-나 (해라체)<br />
====Other====<br />
*(합쇼체) (으)ㅂ시다 → -(으)입시더 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
*못V can change to [몬]V <!-- all --><br />
**못 하다 → 몬 하다<br />
**못 오다 → 몬 오다<br />
*The quote form can change<br />
**뭐라고요? → 머라꼬예? <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**뭐라고 했냐? → 머라 캣노? <!-- all --><br />
*A verb description a noun can change (-는 → -넌) (-았-/-었- → -앗-/-엇-)<br />
**밥을 먹은 사람 → 밥 무웃넌 사람 <!-- all --><br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅂ or ㅅ where there isn't one in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㅸ, ㅿ)<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅗ where there's a ㅏ in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㆍ)<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! General 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English<br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+General 경상도<br />
! Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 정구지 <br />
| 부추 <br />
| Korean leek, Chinese chive<br />
|-<br />
| 능금 <br />
| 사과 <br />
| apple<br />
|-<br />
| 찌짐/지짐이 <br />
| 전 <br />
| Korean pan fried food<br />
|-<br />
| 가시개 <br />
| 가위 <br />
| scissors<br />
|-<br />
| 새그럽다 <br />
| 시다 <br />
| sour<br />
|-<br />
| 정지 <br />
| 부엌 <br />
| kitchen<br />
|-<br />
| 따시다 <br />
| 따뜻하다 <br />
| warm<br />
|-<br />
| 찹다 <br />
| 차갑다 <br />
| cold<br />
|-<br />
| 디다 <br />
| 힘들다/지치다 <br />
| exhausted<br />
|-<br />
| 올리다 <br />
| 토하다 <br />
| vomit<br />
|-<br />
| 뽀꿈쥐다 <br />
| 꽉 잡다 <br />
| grab tight<br />
|-<br />
| 데피다 <br />
| 데우다 <br />
| heat up<br />
|-<br />
| 봉다리 <br />
| 봉지 <br />
| plastic bag<br />
|-<br />
| 어제 아래 <br />
| 그저께 <br />
| the day before yesterday<br />
|-<br />
| 문때다 <br />
| 문지르다 <br />
| rub off<br />
|-<br />
| 억수로 <br />
| 매우 많이 <br />
| very much<br />
|-<br />
| 가시나<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 머시마<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 아 <br />
| 아이 <br />
| kid<br />
|-<br />
| 아지매<br />
| 아줌마, 고모, 이모<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 아재<br />
| 삼촌 / 아저씨<br />
| Uncle (<br />
|-<br />
| 어무이<br />
| 어머니<br />
| Mother<br />
|-<br />
| 아부지<br />
| 아버지<br />
| Father<br />
|-<br />
| 무시 <br />
| 무<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
*반피 - 바보<br />
*단디하다 - 조심하다<br />
*조포 - 두부 <br />
*무시 - 무<br />
*엿기름 - 엿질금<br />
*위 - 참외<br />
*찌짐 - 부침개<br />
*정구지 - 부추<br />
*오그락지 - 무말랭이<br />
*돌개 - 도라지<br />
*지러기, 지래기 - 겉절이<br />
*콩지름 - 콩나물<br />
*달내이 - 달래<br />
*날세이 - 냉이<br />
*짐치 - 김치<br />
*꼬장 - 고추장<br />
*이밥 - 쌀밥<br />
*무시이퍼리 - 무청<br />
*빌박, 비림박, 비릴박 - 벽<br />
*정낭 - 화장실<br />
*정이 - 부엌<br />
*돌가리 - 시멘트<br />
*다황 - 성냥<br />
*수낏대, 수꿋대, 수꿋대기 - 수수깡<br />
*부석 - 아궁이<br />
*따가리 - 뚜껑<br />
*삽작 - 대문<br />
*동테 - 굴렁쇠<br />
*팽댕이 - 팽이<br />
*두디 - 포대기<br />
*방구 - 바위<br />
*바꾸 - 바퀴<br />
*가시개 - 가위<br />
*바쁘재,보재기 - 보자기<br />
*빼다지 - 서랍<br />
*두지 - 뒤주<br />
*치 - 체<br />
*엉가-언니<br />
*찌리부리하세-찝찔하게<br />
*낭캐-나무<br />
*조막띠-주먹<br />
*날개비-날개<br />
*빵개이-소꿉놀이<br />
*멍다구-멍<br />
*조무래기-꼬마<br />
*모가치-몫<br />
*입살개-고자질을 잘하는 사람<br />
*오떄기-요<br />
*꼬실매-곱슬머리<br />
*검거추룸하다-키가 크고 눈매가 시원하다<br />
*새깔깔이-새것<br />
*떨이미-떨이<br />
*찍자-시비<br />
*꺼꾸-술래<br />
*배찌-괜히<br />
*골띠기-꼴뚜기<br />
*덱끼리-최고<br />
*저모레-글피<br />
*가죽다-가깝다<br />
*까재미-가자미<br />
*이지다-예쁘다<br />
*카바치다-덮다라는 의미<br />
*짜다라-별로 그다리..란 의미<br />
*새까리삐다-수두룩 많다 빼곡히많다라는의미<br />
*소태-짜다<br />
*뻐떡하면-걸핏하면<br />
*주진부리-걸핏하면<br />
*리우리-피래미<br />
*끌뜩그리지마라-사물을 힐긋힐긋보는행위<br />
*영판이다-똑같다<br />
*부엌 - 정재<br />
*간장 - 지렁<br />
*고명 - 끼미<br />
*삽 - 수금포<br />
*가위 - 가시게<br />
*벽 - 비름빡<br />
*서랍 - 빼닫이(빼다지)<br />
*바지 - 주봉<br />
*종이 - 조<br />
*기름 - 지름<br />
<br />
<!-- most of them are very old fashined expressions. I'm originally from 경상도. But I've never heard about many of them. I guess my grand-grandmother and grandmother used to use those words. but 경상도 people are not use those any more. -- Jay shin --><br />
<!-- That makes a lot of sense. Also, we may need different sections for 경상북 and 경상남 since I think some of the terms are different. I've created empty sections so that natives or anyone else can put only confirmed words and phrases in the main area and we'll keep the other unconfirmed stuff after just as examples of other possible dialect words (older or maybe very region specific). --><br />
<br />
===경상북도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in North Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+경상북도<br />
! 경상북도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===경상남도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in South Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+ 경상남도<br />
! 경상남도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| 끌배이<br />
| 거지 <br />
| A beggar, a bum, a lowlife <br />
| 끌배이 is used in Busan only, other areas in Gyeongsang province would say 걸배이<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phrases==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English <br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 뭇나?/밥 먹었나? <br />
| 밥 먹었어? <br />
| Have you eaten?<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 무라 <br />
| 밥 먹어. <br />
| Come and eat.<br />
|-<br />
| 와이라노/와이카노 <br />
| 왜 그래? <br />
| What's wrong? <br />
|-<br />
| 맞나? <br />
| 정말? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 글라? <br />
| 그래? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라캐싼노? <br />
| 뭐라구?/뭐라고 얘기하고 있는거야? <br />
| What are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라고 씨부리쌌노! <br />
| 너 지금 무슨말을 하고있는 거야! <br />
| What the hell are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐고?/뭐꼬? <br />
| 뭐야? <br />
| What is it?<br />
|-<br />
| 가가가가? <br />
| 걔가 그사람이야? <br />
| Is he the guy?<br />
|-<br />
| 엔가이 좀 해라 <br />
| 그만 좀 해.<br />
| Stop it. That's enough.<br />
|-<br />
| 디질래? <br />
| 죽을래? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 죽고싶나 ? <br />
| 죽고 싶어? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 뿌사뿔라 <br />
| 부셔버릴거야. <br />
| I'll break it.<br />
|-<br />
| 아 쫌!! <br />
| 아 그만좀 해. 너 왜자꾸 그러는거니? <br />
| That's enough. What's wrong with you?<br />
|-<br />
| 아니다안캤나 <br />
| 아니라고 하지 않았니? <br />
| I said no. <br />
|-<br />
| 이리온나. <br />
| 이리와. <br />
| Come here.<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[wikipedia:동남 방언]]<br />
*[http://yu.ac.kr/~koredu/dapsa/etc.htm 경북방언의 일반적 특징]<br />
*[http://mirror.enha.kr/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B8 동남방언]<br />
*[[Meta & Wreckx - 무까끼하이]] - 가사가 대구방언인 노래<br />
<br />
==Videos==<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAFXL6JsHoI 대구 VS 부산 사투리 비 Daegu VS Busan Dialect]<br />
[[Category:Dialects]]<br />
[[Category:South dialects]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%83%81_dialect경상 dialect2019-02-11T07:02:37Z<p>DigitalSoju: Fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DialectTop}}<br />
<!-- We might need to cover north and south 경상 dialect if there's any big differences --~~~~ --><br />
==Location==<br />
This is used in the 경상 region of South Korea. It is located in the South east of Korea.<br />
<br />
In Korean dramas, when remaking Japanese dramas, Busan version of 경상 dialect is often used in place of the Japanese Osaka Dialect for corresponding characters.<br />
<br />
== Generational Gap ==<br />
<br />
The younger generation is perfectly capable of speaking and understand the 서울 dialect. However, they like a lot of the dialect and will use it to joke around among friends. If you don't know the dialect, you're an outsider.<br />
<br />
The older generation can't speak the 서울 dialect if their life depended on it. Even though my wife is from that area, and I've spent several years among them, I still can't understand but one or two of the things they say.<br />
<br />
The middle-aged people try their best, but they are really not good with the 서울 dialect. If you speak with the 서울 dialect they clam up because it feels like you are being formal with them, and they can't keep up.<br />
<br />
== Inflection ==<br />
<br />
The principle characteristic of the 경상 dialect is its inflection compared to 서울말. To a 서울 dialect person, it sounds like they are throwing a tantrum or chewing someone out. To a 경상 person, they are being passionate, while 서울 is cold and too business-like.<br />
<br />
The pattern is generally a large spike, with people who have a stronger version, such as outside of Busan, having a larger spike. This spike includes a spike in pitch (up) and volume (louder) specifically to emphasize words, or the the main point of the sentence. The spike is usually added to the end of the sentence, and dips in the middle. This would look like a sharp mountain peak with an elevator pitch and short rounded dips. Emotion is also emphasized largely with more fricatives, which may accompany the raise in pitch and volume (such as when angry or really upset) or coming down from the peak (when disappointed, defeated or to emphasize a disbelief situation.).<br />
<br />
== Mannerisms ==<br />
<br />
경상 people generally like to touch each other more than other areas. Don't be surprised if someone touches your arm or your head.<br />
<br />
They are generally more devoted to their friends than other areas. Think of them all as [[깡페]] and it will make more sense: I watch your back, you watch mine, and we're all better off. Trust is very important, as well as keeping promises.<br />
<br />
Also, showing your emotions to your friends and family is not only acceptable, but required. It's ok to be angry with each other as long as you let it go eventually. They tend not to bear grudges or take offense as easily as other areas.<br />
<br />
They really, really don't like the 졸라 attitude, which tends to be more egocentric and family-focused, and much more reserved and composed.<br />
<br />
Outside of Busan, they tend to be viewed by Seoul people as "backwater" but conversely, they see Jeolla people as the true "country people" and have a long-standing rivalry with Jeolla. Conversely, most 경상 people don't care about Seoul people's image at all, except viewing them as much more "cold" rather than passionate.<br />
<br />
== Endings ==<br />
<br />
Using the -요 ending as an adult male makes you sound like a woman, or someone from Seoul. Use the -오 form and earn instant respect.<br />
<br />
You'll hear a lot of so-called archaic endings (-게, -거라, etc...). Even the younger generation uses it from time to time.<br />
<br />
You don't hear -ㅂ니다 very much, because men just use -오 so it's not needed.<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
* 기: 것이, 게. Example: 할기다. (할것이다.)<br />
* 카: -고하-. Example: 뭐라카노? (뭐라고 하노?)<br />
<br />
== Words ==<br />
<br />
* 무우다: 먹다<br />
<br />
==Pronunciation==<br />
*Lacks ㅟ and ㅚ. Pronounced as ㅣ and ㅔ respectively. Generally, diphthongs don't sound like diphthongs at all.<br />
*Little difference between ㅡ and ㅓ, and ㅐ and ㅔ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**언어 and 은어 → [어너]<br />
*Lacks some double consonants, like ㅆ <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**쌌다 → [삳다]<br />
**쌀 → [살]<br />
*Diphthongs commonly lose the 'w' sound <!-- all --><br />
**사과 → [사가]<br />
*Sometimes ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅡ become either ㅓ or ㅣ when there's vowel assimilation<br />
**막히다 → [매키다]<br />
**먹이다 → 매기다<br />
**옮기다 → 앵기다 <!-- ?? --><br />
**죽이다 → 지기다<br />
*Sometimes a ㄱ, ㅋ, or ㄲ at the beginning of a word becomes ㅈ, ㅊ, or ㅉ (old people, may be impediment.)<br />
**김치 → [짐치]<br />
**기름 → [지름]<br />
* Sometimes ㄱ in the middle of the word disappears or becomes 우.<br />
** 목욕 &rarr; 모욕.<br />
** 먹었다 &rarr; 무웄다.<br />
*Sometimes a beginning 히 becomes a 시 (For old people, may be speech impediment.)<br />
**힘 → [심]<br />
*Sometimes a beginning consonant becomes a double <!-- all --><br />
**과자 → [까자]<br />
*Sometimes ㅔ becomes ㅣ<br />
**했는데 &rarr; 했는디<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
The 경상 dialect maintains a trace of Middle Korean: the grammar of the dialect distinguishes between a yes-no question and a wh-question, while Standard Modern Korean does not. With an informal speech level, for example, yes-no questions end with "-a (아)" and wh-questions end with "-o (오)" in the 경상 dialect, whereas in standard speech both types of questions end in either "이" or "어" without a difference between the types of questions. For example:<br />
<br />
*"밥 묵읏나?" as opposed to "밥 먹었니?" or "밥 먹었어?" — "Did you eat?"<br />
*"머 하노?" as opposed to "뭐 하니?" or "뭐 해?" — "What are you doing?"<br />
<br />
Notice that the first question can be answered with a yes or no, while the latter question is to be answered otherwise.<br />
<br />
This phenomenon can also be observed in tag questions, which are answered with a yes or no.<br />
<br />
*"업제 그쟈?" as opposed to "없지, 그렇지?" — "It isn't there, is it?"<br />
===Noun modifiers===<br />
*Instead of -이 after a noun, it becomes -이가 <!-- ??? i don't thinks so.--><br />
**가심이가 아푸다<br />
*Instead of -을/-를, it becomes 로 <!-- ??? --><br />
**물로 묵고<br />
*Instead of -한테, it becomes -인대 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**이거 내인대 잇던 거 아이가?<br />
*Instead of -와/-과, it becomes -캉 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**내캉 가치 가자.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
*Sometimes verbs add 어 instead of 아 for glue <!-- ??? --><br />
**받아 → [받어]<br />
*Sometimes the glue changes <!-- all --><br />
**비벼 → 비비<br />
**줘 → 도 <br />
***이리 줘 → [이리 도]<br />
*Sometimes the bottom consonant isn't removed <!-- all --><br />
**더워 → 덥어<br />
**나아 → 낫아<br />
*Some verbs are very different <!-- all --><br />
**먹다 → 묵다<br />
***먹으면 → 무우면<br />
***먹어서 → 무우서<br />
===Verb Endings===<br />
====Statements====<br />
* -ㅁ니더/-심니더 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -내 (하게체)<br />
* -ㄴ다/-넌다 (해라체)<br />
*Verbs adding 요 for middle form add 얘 instead <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**여기 있어요 → 여기 잇어얘<br />
**여기 있는데요 → 여기 잇넌대얘<br />
====Questions====<br />
* -ㅁ니꺼/-심니꺼 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌교/-(으)ㄴ교 (합쇼체) <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
* -넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체) <br />
* -나 (해라체)<br />
Questions with where, why, etc. end with:<br />
*-넌고/-(으)ㄴ고 (하게체)<br />
**어대 가넌고?<br />
**이건 누구 책이고?<br />
*-노 (해라체)<br />
Questions with just yes or no answers, end with:<br />
*-넌가/-(으)ㄴ가 (하게체)<br />
**집애 가넌가?<br />
**이건 니 책이가?<br />
*-나 (해라체)<br />
====Other====<br />
*(합쇼체) (으)ㅂ시다 → -(으)입시더 <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
*못V can change to [몬]V <!-- all --><br />
**못 하다 → 몬 하다<br />
**못 오다 → 몬 오다<br />
*The quote form can change<br />
**뭐라고요? → 머라꼬예? <!-- middle age↑ --><br />
**뭐라고 했냐? → 머라 캣노? <!-- all --><br />
*A verb description a noun can change (-는 → -넌) (-았-/-었- → -앗-/-엇-)<br />
**밥을 먹은 사람 → 밥 무웃넌 사람 <!-- all --><br />
<br />
==Vocabulary==<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅂ or ㅅ where there isn't one in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㅸ, ㅿ)<br />
*Sometimes where you see a ㅗ where there's a ㅏ in the standard dialect, it's because it's closer to older Korean (ㆍ)<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! General 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English<br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+General 경상도<br />
! Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 정구지 <br />
| 부추 <br />
| Korean leek, Chinese chive<br />
|-<br />
| 능금 <br />
| 사과 <br />
| apple<br />
|-<br />
| 찌짐/지짐이 <br />
| 전 <br />
| Korean pan fried food<br />
|-<br />
| 가시개 <br />
| 가위 <br />
| scissors<br />
|-<br />
| 새그럽다 <br />
| 시다 <br />
| sour<br />
|-<br />
| 정지 <br />
| 부엌 <br />
| kitchen<br />
|-<br />
| 따시다 <br />
| 따뜻하다 <br />
| warm<br />
|-<br />
| 찹다 <br />
| 차갑다 <br />
| cold<br />
|-<br />
| 디다 <br />
| 힘들다/지치다 <br />
| exhausted<br />
|-<br />
| 올리다 <br />
| 토하다 <br />
| vomit<br />
|-<br />
| 뽀꿈쥐다 <br />
| 꽉 잡다 <br />
| grab tight<br />
|-<br />
| 데피다 <br />
| 데우다 <br />
| heat up<br />
|-<br />
| 봉다리 <br />
| 봉지 <br />
| plastic bag<br />
|-<br />
| 어제 아래 <br />
| 그저께 <br />
| the day before yesterday<br />
|-<br />
| 문때다 <br />
| 문지르다 <br />
| rub off<br />
|-<br />
| 억수로 <br />
| 매우 많이 <br />
| very much<br />
|-<br />
| 가시나<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 머시마<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 아 <br />
| 아이 <br />
| kid<br />
|-<br />
| 아지매<br />
| 아줌마, 고모, 이모<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 아재<br />
| 삼촌 / 아저씨<br />
| Uncle (<br />
|-<br />
| 어무이<br />
| 어머니<br />
| Mother<br />
|-<br />
| 아부지<br />
| 아버지<br />
| Father<br />
|-<br />
| 무시 <br />
| 무<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
*반피 - 바보<br />
*단디하다 - 조심하다<br />
*조포 - 두부 <br />
*무시 - 무<br />
*엿기름 - 엿질금<br />
*위 - 참외<br />
*찌짐 - 부침개<br />
*정구지 - 부추<br />
*오그락지 - 무말랭이<br />
*돌개 - 도라지<br />
*지러기, 지래기 - 겉절이<br />
*콩지름 - 콩나물<br />
*달내이 - 달래<br />
*날세이 - 냉이<br />
*짐치 - 김치<br />
*꼬장 - 고추장<br />
*이밥 - 쌀밥<br />
*무시이퍼리 - 무청<br />
*빌박, 비림박, 비릴박 - 벽<br />
*정낭 - 화장실<br />
*정이 - 부엌<br />
*돌가리 - 시멘트<br />
*다황 - 성냥<br />
*수낏대, 수꿋대, 수꿋대기 - 수수깡<br />
*부석 - 아궁이<br />
*따가리 - 뚜껑<br />
*삽작 - 대문<br />
*동테 - 굴렁쇠<br />
*팽댕이 - 팽이<br />
*두디 - 포대기<br />
*방구 - 바위<br />
*바꾸 - 바퀴<br />
*가시개 - 가위<br />
*바쁘재,보재기 - 보자기<br />
*빼다지 - 서랍<br />
*두지 - 뒤주<br />
*치 - 체<br />
*엉가-언니<br />
*찌리부리하세-찝찔하게<br />
*낭캐-나무<br />
*조막띠-주먹<br />
*날개비-날개<br />
*빵개이-소꿉놀이<br />
*멍다구-멍<br />
*조무래기-꼬마<br />
*모가치-몫<br />
*입살개-고자질을 잘하는 사람<br />
*오떄기-요<br />
*꼬실매-곱슬머리<br />
*검거추룸하다-키가 크고 눈매가 시원하다<br />
*새깔깔이-새것<br />
*떨이미-떨이<br />
*찍자-시비<br />
*꺼꾸-술래<br />
*배찌-괜히<br />
*골띠기-꼴뚜기<br />
*덱끼리-최고<br />
*저모레-글피<br />
*가죽다-가깝다<br />
*까재미-가자미<br />
*이지다-예쁘다<br />
*카바치다-덮다라는 의미<br />
*짜다라-별로 그다리..란 의미<br />
*새까리삐다-수두룩 많다 빼곡히많다라는의미<br />
*소태-짜다<br />
*뻐떡하면-걸핏하면<br />
*주진부리-걸핏하면<br />
*리우리-피래미<br />
*끌뜩그리지마라-사물을 힐긋힐긋보는행위<br />
*영판이다-똑같다<br />
*부엌 - 정재<br />
*간장 - 지렁<br />
*고명 - 끼미<br />
*삽 - 수금포<br />
*가위 - 가시게<br />
*벽 - 비름빡<br />
*서랍 - 빼닫이(빼다지)<br />
*바지 - 주봉<br />
*종이 - 조<br />
*기름 - 지름<br />
<br />
<!-- most of them are very old fashined expressions. I'm originally from 경상도. But I've never heard about many of them. I guess my grand-grandmother and grandmother used to use those words. but 경상도 people are not use those any more. -- Jay shin --><br />
<!-- That makes a lot of sense. Also, we may need different sections for 경상북 and 경상남 since I think some of the terms are different. I've created empty sections so that natives or anyone else can put only confirmed words and phrases in the main area and we'll keep the other unconfirmed stuff after just as examples of other possible dialect words (older or maybe very region specific). --><br />
<br />
===경상북도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in North Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+경상북도<br />
! 경상북도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===경상남도===<br />
Vocabulary specific to areas in South Gyeongsang province.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|+ 경상남도<br />
! 경상남도 !! Standard Korean !! English !! Comment<br />
|-<br />
| 끌배이<br />
| 거지 <br />
| A beggar, a bum, a lowlife <br />
| 끌배이 is used in Busan only, other areas in Gyeongsang province would say 걸배이<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phrases==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard Korean !! English <br />
|-<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
| ??<br />
|}<br />
{{NeedsNativeCheck|If you know any of the following is used currently in this dialect, please add it to the above table. Otherwise, you may assume that the following is either not currently used or even incorrect.}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
|+<br />
! 경상 Dialect !! Standard !! English<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 뭇나?/밥 먹었나? <br />
| 밥 먹었어? <br />
| Have you eaten?<br />
|-<br />
| 밥 무라 <br />
| 밥 먹어. <br />
| Come and eat.<br />
|-<br />
| 와이라노/와이카노 <br />
| 왜 그래? <br />
| What's wrong? <br />
|-<br />
| 맞나? <br />
| 정말? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 글라? <br />
| 그래? <br />
| Really?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라캐싼노? <br />
| 뭐라구?/뭐라고 얘기하고 있는거야? <br />
| What are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐라고 씨부리쌌노! <br />
| 너 지금 무슨말을 하고있는 거야! <br />
| What the hell are you talking about?<br />
|-<br />
| 뭐고?/뭐꼬? <br />
| 뭐야? <br />
| What is it?<br />
|-<br />
| 가가가가? <br />
| 걔가 그사람이야? <br />
| Is he the guy?<br />
|-<br />
| 엔가이 좀 해라 <br />
| 그만 좀 해.<br />
| Stop it. That's enough.<br />
|-<br />
| 디질래? <br />
| 죽을래? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 죽고싶나 ? <br />
| 죽고 싶어? <br />
| Do you wanna die or something?<br />
|-<br />
| 뿌사뿔라 <br />
| 부셔버릴거야. <br />
| I'll break it.<br />
|-<br />
| 아 쫌!! <br />
| 아 그만좀 해. 너 왜자꾸 그러는거니? <br />
| That's enough. What's wrong with you?<br />
|-<br />
| 아니다안캤나 <br />
| 아니라고 하지 않았니? <br />
| I said no. <br />
|-<br />
| 이리온나. <br />
| 이리와. <br />
| Come here.<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[wikipedia:동남 방언]]<br />
*[http://yu.ac.kr/~koredu/dapsa/etc.htm 경북방언의 일반적 특징]<br />
*[http://mirror.enha.kr/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%82%A8%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B8 동남방언]<br />
*[[Meta & Wreckx - 무까끼하이]] - 가사가 대구방언인 노래<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dialects]]<br />
[[Category:South dialects]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Meta_%26_Wreckx_-_%EB%AC%B4%EA%B9%8C%EB%81%BC%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4Meta & Wreckx - 무까끼하이2019-02-11T06:58:58Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div><videoflash>ZSKgCW64yG4</videoflash> ''Please report/replace if the video/s are missing''<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Music kor eng<br />
|kor = [Original Lyrics]<br />
<br />
고마 됐으요 <br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 1<br><br />
뭐가 문젠교? 고마 그냥 놔 두이소 <br><br />
모하모 열지 말고 그마 꾹 닫아 두이소<br><br />
엄한 다리 잡지 말고 혼자 말아 무이소<br><br />
그래도 할라마 차라리 날 잡아 무이소<br><br />
<br />
내가 캤지요? 되도 안한기 뭣도 안하이<br><br />
말아무이 마이 말이 마이 나오이 <br><br />
고마 가 옆에 가가 뭐 가갈 기 있나<br><br />
디비 바바도 없단 거 알아 무이소!<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
됐으 됐으요 고마 됐으요 <br><br />
돈만 챙기고 고마 그마 째이소 (X3)<br><br />
됐으 됐으요 마 됐으요 마 됐으 됐으 <br><br />
쨌으요 마 쨌으요 마 쨌으 쨌으<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Verse 1<br><br />
첨엔 돈 준다꼬 들이댔다 아이가<br><br />
내 몬 산다고 머라캤다 아이가<br><br />
그케도 내 몬 믿는다카이 니 머 캤노?<br><br />
내 믿고 가마 니도 간다 캤다 아이가!<br><br />
<br />
말도 아이다 마 속이고 아이고가<br><br />
문제도 아인기라 인간이 아인기라<br><br />
사짜들 막 온데 다 천지삐까리 (*천지삐까리=하늘과 땅사이에 엄청나게 많다)<br><br />
글마들 때메 내는 맨날 빚갈이<br><br />
<br />
음악은 음악이고 사업은 사업이라<br><br />
음악으로 장난치는 사업이 사업이가?<br><br />
근데 니는 내한테 내 음악을 판다메?<br><br />
내 하고싶은 음악으로 장사를 한다메?<br><br />
<br />
그림도 그리고 마 소문도 돌리고 마<br><br />
음악도 뿌리고 마 명함도 돌리고 마<br><br />
머라머라 캐사도 인자 마 치아뿌라! (*머라머라 캐싸도=다 귀찮다는 의미)<br><br />
니 주디서 나오는 건 숨 빼고 다 구라<br><br />
<br />
뭣도 모르고 내가 니캉 갔제<br><br />
디비보이 180도 내캉 반대<br><br />
힘 다 빼고 자빠짔네 무참하이<br><br />
사는 기 이런기가? 무까끼하이<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Verse 2<br><br />
<br />
아, 한숨 팍팍 땅바닥에 마<br><br />
쌔리 문때뿌리고 싶네 니 쌍판!<br><br />
좀 뭉게지 마라 한 개도 멋없다 <br><br />
문때지 마라 니 하곤 일 없다<br><br />
<br />
뻑하마 간지는 뭔 간지?<br><br />
입만 열마는 구린내에 뻥까지<br><br />
뭐어? 니가 나를 가르쳐?<br><br />
새우젓같이 쩔데 니 아는 척?<br><br />
<br />
고기도 머어본 놈이 물 줄 안다고<br><br />
돈도 벌어본 놈이 쓸 줄 안다고<br><br />
음악도 돈 바르마 더 잘 판다고?<br><br />
에이, 그건 진짜 아인거 내 안다꼬!<br><br />
<br />
콩알 반쪽도 모르매 니는 뭐?<br><br />
이름값 올리고 회사 키운 거?<br><br />
바닥 치던 시절 싹 다 잊은 거?<br><br />
다 쳐무라 니 혼자 잘 키운 거!<br><br />
<br />
뭣도 모르고 내가 니캉 갔제<br><br />
디비보이 180도 내캉 반대<br><br />
힘 다 빼고 자빠짔네 무참하이<br><br />
사는 기 이런기가? 무까끼하이<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 1<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
<br />
|eng = [Standard Korean]<br />
<br />
그만 됐어요(*하지마세요)<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 1<br><br />
뭐가 문젠데요? 그냥 날 좀 내버려둬요.<br><br />
거북한 얘기면 꺼내지 말고 그냥 입 닫고 있으세요.<br><br />
엄한 다리 잡지 말고 혼자 다 쳐먹으세요.(*'말아무이소=말아먹다'는 '망하다'의 의미가 강하다)<br><br />
그래도 할려면 차라리 날 잡아 먹으세요.(*내가 가진 모든걸 빼앗아 가려는 사람에게 한탄하는 말)<br><br />
<br />
내가 그랬죠? 별 볼일 없고 아무것도 아니니<br><br />
망하니까 많이 말이 많이 나오니까<br><br />
그 얘 옆에 가서 뭐 가져갈게 있나<br><br />
뒤져봐도 없단 거 알아 들으세요!<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
됐어 됐어요. 이제 됐어요.<br><br />
돈만 챙기고 이제 그만 도망가세요. (*꺼지세요.)<br><br />
됐어 됐어요. 이제 됐어요. 이제 됐어 됐어 <br><br />
도망갔어요 도망갔어요 도망갔어 도망갔어<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Verse 1<br><br />
처음엔 돈 준다고 접근했잖아.<br><br />
나 못 산다고 잔소리했잖아.<br><br />
그래도 나는 널 못 믿는다고 하니까 너 뭐라고 했어?<br><br />
당신 믿고 따라가면 너도 간다고 그랬잖아. (*'간다'=어떤 일을 함게 해나간다)<br><br />
<br />
얘기하기도 싫다. 속이고 안 속이는게<br><br />
문제가 아니다. 인간도 아니다.<br><br />
사기꾼들이 막 여기저기 엄청나게 많다<br><br />
그놈들 때문에 나는 매일 빚만 갚는다.<br><br />
<br />
음악은 음악이고, 사업은 사업이다.<br><br />
음악으로 장난치는 사업이 사업이냐?<br><br />
근데 너는 나에게 (말하길) 내 음악을 판다며?<br><br />
내가 하고 싶은 음악으로 장사 한다며?<br><br />
<br />
그림도 그리고, 소문도 내고<br><br />
음악도 여기저기 틀고, 명함도 돌리고<br><br />
남들이 뭐라고 해도 이제는 때려치워라!<br><br />
네 입에서 나오는 건 숨 빼고 다 거짓말.<br><br />
<br />
아무것도 모르고 내가 너랑 손 잡았지?<br><br />
알고 보니까 180도 나랑 반대<br><br />
이제는 힘 다 빠져서(모든걸 잃고) 무너졌네 무참하게<br><br />
사는 게 이런건가? 거칠고 험난하네<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Verse 2<br><br />
아, 한숨이 푹푹 땅바닥까지 닿을 듯이<br><br />
아주 (땅바닥에) 뭉게버리고 싶네, 니 얼굴.<br><br />
좀 폼 잡지마라. 조금도 멋있어 보이지 않는다.<br><br />
치근덕대지 마라. 너 하곤 볼 일 없다.<br><br />
<br />
툭하면 간지는 무슨 간지?<br><br />
입만 열면 안 좋은 냄새와 거짓말이지.<br><br />
뭐? 니가 나를 가르친다구?<br><br />
새우젓같이 쩔데? 너 아는 척 하는 것.<br><br />
<br />
고기도 먹어 본 놈이 먹을 줄 알 듯이<br><br />
돈도 벌어 본 놈이 쓸 줄 안다고?<br><br />
음악도 돈을 많이 쓰면 더 잘 팔 수 있다고?<br><br />
에이~ 그건 진짜 아닌 거 난 알고있다!<br><br />
<br />
콩알 반쪽만큼도 모르면서 너는 뭐라고 했어?<br><br />
이름값 올리고 회사 키운 거라고?<br><br />
바닥 치던 시절 싹 다 잊은 거야?<br><br />
다 쳐먹어라 니 혼자 잘 키운 것!<br><br />
<br />
아무것도 모르고 내가 너랑 손 잡았지?<br><br />
알고 보니까 180도 나랑 반대<br><br />
이제는 힘 다 빠져서(모든걸 잃고) 넘어졌네 무참하게<br><br />
사는 게 이런 건가? 거칠고 험난하네<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 1<br><br />
<br />
<br />
Hook 2<br><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Music vocab box<br />
|left = *not yet<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
|right = *not yet<br><br />
<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Music]]</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/Hangeul_step_3Hangeul step 32018-12-27T01:41:19Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{HangeulTop}}<br />
<br />
{| border=0 style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Back.png|link=Hangeul step 2|150px]]<br />
| [[File:Next.png|link=Hangeul step 3b|150px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Step 3==<br />
In this lesson, you will learn:<br />
*Consonants: [[ㅅ]], [[ㅂ]], [[ㅈ]], [[ㄹ]]<br />
*Vowels: [[ㅐ]], [[ㅔ]], [[ㅓ]], [[ㅡ]]<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
{{Hangeul intro table<br />
|bgcolor = {{kred}}<br />
|Consonant = ㅅ<br />
|Cons image = ㅅ.jpg<br />
|Cons text = This is an "s" sound. It can be aspirated or unaspirated. When combined with the vowel [[ㅣ]], [[ㅑ]], [[ㅒ]], [[ㅕ]], [[ㅖ]], [[ㅛ]] or [[ㅠ]], it is pronounced with an "sh" sound. You can also bunch up your tongue like you are forming the "y" in "yodel." (For Mandarin speakers, this is like the "x" in "xin" in Hanyu Pinyin.) For full information about this letter, see [[ㅅ]].<br />
|Vowel = ㅐ<br />
|Vowel image = ㅐ.jpg<br />
|Vowel text = For North Americans and Brits, this the "e" in dress. For Australians and New Zealanders, this is the "a" in trap. For full information about this letter, see [[ㅐ]].<br />
|Vowel audio description1 = Young Male<br />
|Vowel audio1 = <flashmp3>ae H.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
|Vowel audio description2 = Young female<br />
|Vowel audio2 = <flashmp3>ae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size:300%;"<br />
|-style="font-size:70%"<br />
!colspan="2"|Practice<br />
|-<br />
| 새<br />
| <flashmp3>sae H.mp3, sae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Hangeul intro table<br />
|bgcolor = {{kred}}<br />
|Consonant = ㅂ<br />
|Cons image = ㅂ.jpg<br />
|Cons text = This is pronounced like the "p" in trap. It is ''un''aspirated like a b, but voice''less'' like a p. However, when found between vowels the sound is voiced and makes a /b/ sound. For full information about this letter, see [[ㅂ]].<br />
|Vowel = ㅔ<br />
|Vowel image = ㅔ.jpg<br />
|Vowel text = This sound used to sound different from ㅐ. The sound is not reliably distinguished anymore, but the vowel length can be shorter in length than ㅐ and a little more tense, too. For North Americans and Brits, this is like the "a" in face, but clipped. Most speakers combine an "eh" and an "ee" together. Just use the first part. For Australians and New Zealanders, this is the "e" in dress. For full information about this letter, see [[ㅔ]].<br />
|Vowel audio description1 = Young Male<br />
|Vowel audio1 = <flashmp3>e H.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
|Vowel audio description2 = Young female<br />
|Vowel audio2 = <flashmp3>e M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size:300%;"<br />
|-style="font-size:70%"<br />
!colspan="2"|Practice<br />
|-<br />
| 베<br />
| <flashmp3>be H.mp3, be M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 배<br />
| <flashmp3>Bae H.mp3, Bae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 세<br />
| <flashmp3>Se H.mp3, Se M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Hangeul intro table<br />
|bgcolor = {{kred}}<br />
|Consonant = ㅈ<br />
|Cons image = ㅈ.jpg<br />
|Cons text = This is pronounced like the "ch" at the end of "match." It is not aspirated like the "ch" in "cheek," but between vowels, it is voiced like the "dg" in "badger." For full information about this letter, see [[ㅈ]].<br />
|Vowel = ㅓ<br />
|Vowel image = ㅓ.jpg<br />
|Vowel text = There is no exact sound from English to which ㅓ may be compared. Its sound is somewhere between an "uh" sound and the 오 sound you previously learned. In some dialects it is like the sound in <caught>. Try to keep it unrounded or loosely rounded. Listen to the audio file carefully! IPA symbol: /ʌ/. For full information about this letter, see [[ㅓ]].<br />
|Vowel audio description1 = Young Male<br />
|Vowel audio1 = <flashmp3>eo H.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
|Vowel audio description2 = Young female<br />
|Vowel audio2 = <flashmp3>eo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size:300%;"<br />
|-style="font-size:70%"<br />
!colspan="2"|Practice<br />
|-<br />
| 저<br />
| <flashmp3>jeo H.mp3, jeo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 재<br />
| <flashmp3>jae H.mp3, jae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 제<br />
| <flashmp3>je H.mp3, je M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 서<br />
| <flashmp3>seo H.mp3, seo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 버<br />
| <flashmp3>beo H.mp3, beo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Hangeul intro table<br />
|bgcolor = {{kred}}<br />
|Consonant = ㄹ<br />
|Cons image = ㄹ.jpg<br />
|Cons text = This sound is capable of making both an R and an L sound. Native Korean words never begin with ㄹ, so expect to hear "l" or a flap "r" or even an "n." At the end of words and before consonants, it is an "l." When repeated it is an "l" held for a longer amount of time. Between vowels it is a "flap r." Do note that this is not exactly the English "r," which is usually [ɹ~ɻ]. This is a [[wikipedia:flap r|flap R]], [ɾ], like the "d" in "rider" or the "t" in "writer" as spoken by Australians and North Americans. It is identical to the "r" in the older Scottish accent and in older Received Pronunciation it was the "r" between vowels. Americans once mocked the Brits as being "veddy British" because their "r" in "very" was like the American "d" in "Teddy." For Spanish speakers, it is similar to the lone "r" in "caro." For full information about this letter, see [[ㄹ]].<br />
|Vowel = ㅡ<br />
|Vowel image = ㅡ.jpg<br />
|Vowel text = There is no exact sound to which ㅡ may be compared in English, so listen to the audio file carefully. Make your mouth say the "u" in "flute" or the "oo" in "goose," but do not round your lips. This is close to what you want. For full information about this letter, see [[ㅡ]].<br />
|Vowel audio description1 = Young Male<br />
|Vowel audio1 = <flashmp3>eu H.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
|Vowel audio description2 = Young female<br />
|Vowel audio2 = <flashmp3>eu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff</flashmp3><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size:300%;"<br />
|-style="font-size:70%"<br />
!colspan="2"|Practice<br />
|-<br />
| 르<br />
| <flashmp3>reu H.mp3, reu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 래<br />
| <flashmp3>rae H.mp3, rae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 레<br />
| <flashmp3>re H.mp3, re M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 러<br />
| <flashmp3>reo H.mp3, reo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 스<br />
| <flashmp3>Seu H.mp3, Seu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 브<br />
| <flashmp3>beu H.mp3, beu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 즈<br />
| <flashmp3>Jeu H.mp3, jeu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Real Examples==<br />
Practice with these real Korean words. The examples for step 4 have been split. Half of the examples for step 4 are here and half are on the next page.<br />
*Consonants learned so far: [[ㄱ]], [[ㄴ]], [[ㅁ]], [[ㄷ]], [[ㅇ]], [[ㅅ]], [[ㅂ]], [[ㅈ]], [[ㄹ]]<br />
*Vowels learned so far: [[ㅏ]], [[ㅜ]], [[ㅗ]], [[ㅣ]], [[ㅐ]], [[ㅔ]], [[ㅓ]], [[ㅡ]]<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! Word !! Audio<br />
|-<br />
| 가게 (store)<br />
| <flashmp3>gage H.mp3, gage M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가로 (the width)<br />
| <flashmp3>garo H.mp3, garo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가로수 (trees lining a street)<br />
| <flashmp3>garosu H.mp3, garosu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가르마 (a part in one´s hair)<br />
| <flashmp3>gareuma H.mp3, gareuma M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가사 (the words of a song)<br />
| <flashmp3>gasa H.mp3,gasa M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가수 (singer)<br />
| <flashmp3>gasu H.mp3, gasu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가스 (gas)<br />
| <flashmp3>gaseu H.mp3, gaseu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 가루 (powder)<br />
| <flashmp3>garu H.mp3, garu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 개 (dog)<br />
| <flashmp3>gae H.mp3, gae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 개미 (ant)<br />
| <flashmp3>gaemi H.mp3, gaemi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 거기 (there)<br />
| <flashmp3>geogi H.mp3, geogi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 거리 (street,distance)<br />
| <flashmp3>geori H.mp3, geori M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 게 (crab)<br />
| <flashmp3>ge H.mp3, ge M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 기내 (the inside of a plane)<br />
| <flashmp3>gine H.mp3, gine M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 기다리다 (to wait)<br />
| <flashmp3>gidarida H.mp3, gidarida M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 고래 (whale)<br />
| <flashmp3>gorae H.mp3, gorae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 구조 (rescue)<br />
| <flashmp3>gujo H.mp3, gujo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 나라 (country)<br />
| <flashmp3>nara H.mp3, nara M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 나르다 (to carry)<br />
| <flashmp3>nareuda H.mp3, nareuda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 나이 (age)<br />
| <flashmp3>nai H.mp3, nai M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 나사 (screw)<br />
| <flashmp3>nasa H.mp3, nasa M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 나비 (butterfly)<br />
| <flashmp3>nabi H.mp3, nabi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 내리다 (to go descend)<br />
| <flashmp3>naerida H.mp3, naerida M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 네 (yes)<br />
| <flashmp3>ne H.mp3, ne M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 내 (my)<br />
| <flashmp3>nae H.mp3, nae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 네모 (square)<br />
| <flashmp3>nemo H.mp3, nemo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 너구리 (raccoon)<br />
| <flashmp3>neoguri H.mp3, neoguri M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 노루 (roe deer)<br />
| <flashmp3>noru H.mp3, noru M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 노래 (song)<br />
| <flashmp3>norae H.mp3, norae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 다리 (leg, bridge)<br />
| <flashmp3>dari H.mp3, dari M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 다시 (again)<br />
| <flashmp3>dasi H.mp3, dasi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 대구 (Daegu, the name of a Korean city)<br />
| <flashmp3>daegu H.mp3, daegu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 데우다 (to reheat, to heat up)<br />
| <flashmp3>deuda H.mp3, deuda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 도마 (chopping board)<br />
| <flashmp3>doma H.mp3, doma M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 도시 (city)<br />
| <flashmp3>dosi H.mp3, dosi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 두부 (soybean curd,tobu)<br />
| <flashmp3>dubu H.mp3, dubu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 드디어 (finally)<br />
| <flashmp3>deudieo H.mp3, deudieo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 드라마 (drama)<br />
| <flashmp3>drama H.mp3, drama M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 라디오 (radio)<br />
| <flashmp3>radio H.mp3, radio M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 러시아 (Russia)<br />
| <flashmp3>reosia H.mp3, reosia M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 마루 (wooden floor)<br />
| <flashmp3>maru H.mp3, maru M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 마리 (counter used for counting the number of animals)<br />
| <flashmp3>mari H.mp3, mari M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 마르다 (to get dry)<br />
| <flashmp3>mareuda H.mp3, mareuda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 마시다 (to drink)<br />
| <flashmp3>masida H.mp3, masida M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 머무르다 (to stay)<br />
| <flashmp3>Meomuruda H.mp3, Meomuruda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 매다 (to tie)<br />
| <flashmp3>maeda H.mp3, maeda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 매미 (cicada)<br />
| <flashmp3>maemi H.mp3, maemi M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 매우 (very)<br />
| <flashmp3>maeu H.mp3, maeu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 머리 (head)<br />
| <flashmp3>meori H.mp3, meori M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 메다 (to shoulder)<br />
| <flashmp3>meda H.mp3, meda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 메모 (memo)<br />
| <flashmp3>memo H.mp3, memo M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 모두 (every)<br />
| <flashmp3>modu H.mp3, modu M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 모래 (sand)<br />
| <flashmp3>more H.mp3, more M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 모르다 (to not know)<br />
| <flashmp3>moreuda H.mp3, moreuda M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 모자 (cap,hat)<br />
| <flashmp3>moja H.mp3, moja M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 무게 (weight)<br />
| <flashmp3>muge H.mp3, muge M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 무대 (a stage)<br />
| <flashmp3>mudae H.mp3, mudae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 미래 (future)<br />
| <flashmp3>mirae H.mp3, mirae M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 미로 (labyrinth)<br />
| <flashmp3>miro H.mp3, miro M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|-<br />
| 미소 (smile)<br />
| <flashmp3>miso H.mp3, miso M.mp3|leftbg=003478|rightbg=c60c30|lefticon=ffffff|righticon=ffffff|loop=yes</flashmp3><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border=0 style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Back.png|link=Hangeul step 2|150px]]<br />
| [[File:Next.png|link=Hangeul step 3b|150px]]<br />
|}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%8B%88더니2016-08-11T04:20:06Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Format==<br />
*The basic format for this grammar pattern is: [ (first clause) + (A/V + 더니) ] [ (second clause) ]<br />
**The first clause always presents a past experience (usually an action or state) <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! !! First clause !! Second clause<br />
|-<br />
| Format: || (Sentence) + (A/V + 더니) || (sentence)<br />
|-<br />
| Korean: || '''미선은 아까 약을 먹더니''' || '''지금은 졸려졌어요.'''<br />
|-<br />
| English: || Mi-sun took some medicine earlier || and (as a result) she is sleepy now.<br />
|-<br />
| Notes: || Something in the past directly observed or experienced || Can either be (A)The result, consequence of clause 1 or <br />
(B) A contrast between what happened in clause 1<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
'''Adjective/Verb + 더니''': This grammar is a combination of the retrospective marker [[A/V + 더]] and [[A/V + (으)니]]. In general, this pattern is used to describe something personally observed or experienced in the past and the result, consequence, or state that follows. More specifically:<br />
<br />
:'''1.''' This pattern is used for when the speaker has personally observed or experienced something (a state or action) in the past that contrasts with the present. It can either express that the contrast is surprising or that they are just connected sequentially. <br />
<br />
or triggers the state or consequence for what happens the final clause. <br />
<br />
:'''2.''' This pattern is used to talk about the situation or person the first clause has changed in the second clause due to time passing by. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*This pattern is used in the second and third person only. If you want to use this in the first person, use [[A/V + 았/었 + 더니]].<br />
*This pattern has a different meaning when attached to the past tense form, see [[A/V + 았/었 + 더니]].<br />
*The future tense cannot be used because you haven't observed it yet.<br />
*The form [[더니만]] can be used for extra emphasis. It is a combination of -더니 and -만. <br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1= <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
|Pattern2= <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =약속을 지키겠다더니 또 어겼네"<br>"미안해. 이번엔 정말 사정이 생겨서 그래<br />
|Engex1 =<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 =<br />
|Engex2 =<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 =<br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Meaning: to show contrast between the past and the present.<br />
<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = 아침에는 춥더니 낮에는 덥네요.<br />
|Engex1 = It was cold in this morning and now it's hot in the day time.<br />
|Comment1 = <br />
|Korex2 = 작년에는 내 생일이 금요일이더니 올해는 토요일이네요.<br />
|Engex2 = Last year my birthday was on a Friday, but this year it's on a Saturday.<br />
|Comment2 =<br />
|Korex3 = 어제는 비가 오더니 오늘은 날씨가 좋아요.<br />
|Engex3 = It was raining yesterday, but today the weather is nice.<br />
|Comment3 =<br />
|Korex4 = 작년에 는 걔가 일본말을- 못 하더니 지금은 완전 잘 하네요.<br />
|Engex4 = Last year he/she couldn't speak Japanese, but now he/she is really good.<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 = 전에는 뚱뚱하더니 지금은 날씬해졌어요.<br />
|Engex5 = He/she used to be fat, but now he/she is slim.<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 = <br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[N + (이)더니]]<br />
*[[A/V + 았/었 + 더니]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㄷ]]<br />
[[Category:SNU level 3 grammar|ㄷ]]<br />
[[Category:Non final ending|ㄷ]]<br />
{{Languages|{{PAGENAME}}}}</div>DigitalSojuhttp://www.koreanwikiproject.com/wiki/(%EC%9C%BC)%E3%84%B9%EB%9E%98%EC%9A%94(으)ㄹ래요2016-08-11T02:53:44Z<p>DigitalSoju: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description==<br />
'''V + (으)ㄹ래요''' : This grammar pattern has several usages:<br />
#When used with in the first person tense, it is used to expresses the intention or will of the speaker. <br />
#When used with another subject, it asks for the thoughts and intentions of the listener. This can be a polite way of asking someone if they want to or can do something either with you or for you. However in the case with strangers, elders or people in a higher status position, you should attach the honorific suffix [[시]] if you are asking them to do something for you, otherwise it can still seem rude (even with a 요 ending!). See below.<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
*This pattern cannot be used in the third person.<br />
*When combined with the honorific attachment [[시]] can be used to ask if the listener wants to or can do something. In general, you should use the [[시]] attachment to form -실래요 when speaking to strangers, elders or people in a higher status position, otherwise it can sound rude (even with 요 at the end). Also when asking for something in a restaurant, use the -실래요 ending instead of just ㄹ래요.<br />
**할아버지, 가실래요?{{correct}} [Would you like to go, Grandpa?] <br />
**할아버지, 갈래요? {{incorrect}}<br />
*Using words that are already normally not polite on their own still remain rude or can seem even more rude due to a feeling of sarcasm. It's quite similar to saying "Would you shut up?" in English, where 'would you' doesn't make the sentence any more polite than just 'shut up.'<br />
*비켜 줄래? [You mind getting out of the way?]<br />
*닥쳐 줄래? [Would you shut up?]<br />
<br />
==Conjugation Rule==<br />
{{Conjugation table<br />
|Pattern1= Verb + ㄹ 래요 <!--No 받침 pattern--><br />
|Examples1= 가다 → 갈래요 <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
|Pattern2= Verb + 을래요 <!--받침 example pattern--><br />
|Examples2= 먹다 → 먹을래요 <!--Examples, use <br> between each example--><br />
}}<br />
==Sentence Examples==<br />
'''1st person usage examples'''. Note that 난 is used in the examples instead of 나는 since most of these examples are from spoken situations.<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = "나는 이제 잘래."<br />
|Engex1 = "I'm going to sleep now."<br />
|Comment1 = Low form<br />
|Korex2 = (식당에서)<br>'''A:''' "뭐 먹을래?"<br>'''B:'''"나는 비빔밥 먹을래. "<br />
|Engex2 = (At a restaurant)<br>'''A:'''"What are you going to have?"<br>'''B:'''"I'll have bibimbap."<br />
|Comment2 =Low form. '''Note:''' Person B is telling his friend what he's going to have, if he was telling<br> the server it would sound rude.<br />
|Korex3 = 난 그 사람 다시 안 만날래.<br />
|Engex3 = "I'm not going to meet that person again."<br />
|Comment3 =Low form<br />
|Korex4 ="우리 저녁먹으러 가는데, 너도 갈래?"<br>"아니, 난 안 갈래."<br />
|Engex4 =A:"We are going to go for dinner, will you join us"<br>B:"No, I'm not going."<br />
|Comment4 =Low form<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 ="<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Examples for meaning #2.<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 = "내일 영화보러 갈래요?"<br />
|Engex1 = "Do you want to go see a movie tomorrow?"<br />
|Comment1 = Polite informal form<br />
|Korex2 = "너는 졸업 후에 뭐 할래?"<br />
|Engex2 = "What do you want to do after graduation?"<br />
|Comment2 =Low form<br />
|Korex3 ="커피 마실래요?"<br />
|Engex3 ="Would you like to drink some coffee?" / "Would you like to go drink some coffee?"<br />
|Comment3 =Polite informal form. The meaning depends on the context.<br />
|Korex4 =너 죽을래?<br />
|Engex4 ="Do you wanna die?"<br />
|Comment4 =Low form<br />
|Korex5 ="우리 집에 놀러 올래?"<br />
|Engex5 ="Do you wanna come hang out at my house?"<br />
|Comment5 =Low form<br />
|Korex6 ="좀 도와 줄래요?"<br />
|Engex6 ="Would you mind helping me?"<br />
|Comment6 = Polite informal form<br />
|Korex7 ="내일 아침에 깨워줄래?"<br />
|Engex7 ="Would you mind waking me up tomorrow morning?"<br />
|Comment7 =Low form<br />
|Korex8 ="같이 갈래요?"<br />
|Engex8 ="Would you like to go together? (Shall we go together?)"<br />
|Comment8 =polite informal<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Examples using the honorific marker 시 (-실래요):<br />
{{Example table<br />
|Korex1 =<br />
|Engex1 =<br />
|Comment1 =<br />
|Korex2 = (식당에서)<br>"소주 한 병 더 주실래요?"<br />
|Engex2 = (At a restaurant, speaking to a server)<br>"Could I have another bottle of soju?"<br />
|Comment2 =주다 + 시 = 주시다. 주세요 can be another way to ask in this situation.<br />
|Korex3 =<br />
|Engex3 =<br />
|Comment3 =<br />
|Korex4 =<br />
|Engex4 =<br />
|Comment4 =<br />
|Korex5 =<br />
|Engex5 =<br />
|Comment5 =<br />
|Korex6 =<br />
|Engex6 =<br />
|Comment6 =<br />
|Korex7 =<br />
|Engex7 =<br />
|Comment7 =<br />
|Korex8 =<br />
|Engex8 =<br />
|Comment8 =<br />
|Korex9 =<br />
|Engex9 =<br />
|Comment9 =<br />
|Korex10 =<br />
|Engex10 =<br />
|Comment10 =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Incomplete examples]]<br />
[[Category:Incomplete sentences]]<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[고싶다]]<br />
*[[(으)ㄹ까요]]<br />
<!--snu green pg 189--><br />
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[[Category:SNU level 2 grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Interrogative|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Final endings|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Grammar|ㅇ]]<br />
[[Category:Propositive|ㅇ]]</div>DigitalSoju