Passive forms - Revision history

Morphone at 21:43, 19 April 2024

2024-04-19T21:43:02Z

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	This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form\|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it ~~due to~~ its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.		This grammar part should be explained together with [[Causative form\|causative form]] but many Korean materials for foreigners skip over it because of its confusing nature. If you are a casual learner and don't want to be stressed out, you can skip over it but if you are trying to learn Korean seriously, you must learn it otherwise you'll never understand this part. '''This grammar part is hard''', even for many native Korean speakers, so don't be afraid of making mistakes. I’ll outline the grammar structure with example verbs, you would be able to briefly understand how it works in Korean.

DigitalSoju: DigitalSoju moved page Passive form to Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean

2023-06-10T22:08:43Z

DigitalSoju moved page Passive form to Passive forms: There are multiple passive forms in Korean

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:08, 10 June 2023
(No difference)

DigitalSoju: Fixed translation

2023-06-10T22:07:38Z

Fixed translation

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	\| 쫓기다 (to be chased)		\| 쫓기다 (to be chased)
	\|		\|
	*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A ~~policeman chases robbery~~).		*Active:경찰이 도둑을 쫓는다 (A police officer is chasing a thief).
	*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A ~~robbery~~ is chased by ~~policeman~~).		*Passive: 도둑이 경찰에 쫓긴다(A thief is being chased by a police officer).
	\|-		\|-
	\| 잠그다 (to lock)		\| 잠그다 (to lock)

DigitalSoju: /* See also */ - added external links

2023-06-10T22:04:55Z

DigitalSoju: inserted link to naver page

2023-06-10T21:14:15Z

inserted link to naver page

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 10 June 2023
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	If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs,		If you are looking for the complete list of 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs,
	look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and ~~see the~~ 뜻풀이 ~~section~~.		look up the word "피동사" in Naver Korean-Korean Dictionary, and click on ''meanings'' (뜻풀이) or just [https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?range=meaning&query=%ED%94%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC click here].
	There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전).		There are a total of 450 verbs in Standard Korean Dictionary (표준국어대사전).

DigitalSoju: mixed minor typo

2023-06-10T20:38:04Z

mixed minor typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 10 June 2023
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	\|-		\|-
	\| 막다 (to block, to clog)		\| 막다 (to block, to clog)
	\| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be ~~conjested~~, to be clogged up)		\| 막히다 (to be blocked, to be congested, to be clogged up)
	\|		\|
	*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).		*Active: 입구를 막았다 (I blocked the entrance).

Morphone at 07:13, 13 September 2022

2022-09-13T07:13:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:13, 13 September 2022
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	:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)		:※ Many -내다 verbs, such as 끌어내다, 뜯어내다, don't have -나다 form. (끌어나다, 뜯어나다 are wrong.)
	:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)		:※ Exceptions: 떠나다, 만나다, 지나다 are transitive verbs even though they end with -나다. (Unlike other -나다 verbs, they can have a direct object.)
	:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다~~, 겁나다-겁내다~~, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.		:※ Exceptions: Some verbs for expressing emotions, such as 화나다-화내다, 힘나다-힘내다, 성나다-성내다, 성질나다-성질내다, 짜증 나다-짜증 내다, 신경질 나다-신경질 내다 are all intransitive verbs. In this case, -내다 is not interchangeable with -나게 하다, it works differently.
	:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)		:: 화나다 : to get angry (anger begins to arise in one's mind, but others may not notice it)
	:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)		:: 화나게 하다 : to make someone get angry : (causative -게 하다)

Morphone at 02:24, 20 July 2022

2022-07-20T02:24:00Z

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	Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)		Some Korean passive forms should be translated to the active voice in English. (Both the active and the passive forms are natural in Korean, but only the active voice is natural in English.)
	*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.)		*이 현실이 믿기지가 않았다. This reality was not believed (by me). ☞ ([I] couldn't believe this reality.)
	*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.		*이 현실을 믿을 수가 없었다. [I] couldn't believe this reality.

	Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)		Many passive voice English expressions should be translated to the active form in Korean. (Both the active and the passive voices are natural in English, but only the active form is natural in Korean.)
	*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)		*I was interviewed. ☞ 나는 면접을 받았다. (I received an interview.) : ("-을 받다" can be considered a passive form itself. "나는 면접을 봤다" is also possible but this is nowhere near a passive voice.)
	*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.		*I was brought here. 나는 여기에 데려와졌다. (Although it can be literally translated, it sounds unnatural in Korean.) ☞ 그 사람이 나를 여기에 데려왔다. He brought me here.

Morphone at 03:01, 26 June 2022

2022-06-26T03:01:40Z

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	In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.		In the standard Korean dictionary, most -어/-아지다 passive verbs are not included. Only some very commonly used -어/-아지다 passive verbs are included. For example, if you look up 세워지다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword, but it still appears in definitions for other Korean words. It's because -어/-아지다 is originally an auxiliary verb. Strictly speaking, a -어/-아지다 passive verb is not a single word. 세워지다 is originally 세워 지다 (notice the spacing), which consists of two words, but we just treat it as a word for the sake of convenience. It's like "can believe" is not included as a word in the English dictionary, because it consists of two words (auxiliary verb + verb). I have introduced many -어/-아지다 passive verbs that are not included in the standard Korean dictionary, but they are all correct forms. Likewise, the -게 하다 causative forms are not included in the dictionary. For example, if you look up 서게 하다 in the dictionary, it doesn't exist as a headword but still appears in definitions for other Korean words. We don't put a space in 세워지다 even though it consists of two words, but we must put a space in 서게 하다. As for 이, 히, 리, 기 passive verbs and 이, 히, 리, 기, 우, 구, 추 causative verbs, every single word is included in the standard Korean dictionary. If you can't find a word suffixed with one of those things, that means it is a wrong word and doesn't exist in Korean (as 굽히다2 and 고이다2 explained above). If you are looking for non-standard dialectal forms, you should use other dictionaries such as 고려대 한국어대사전, 우리말샘.

	This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br>		This grammar part is very confusing even for native Korean speakers. Many Koreans are still using double passive words like 잊혀지다, because they are not sure about the function of the -히 suffix. It feels like 잊히다 is not sufficient to represent a passive form, because -히 works as causative suffixes in many other verbs (as in 굽히다 and 묻히다2 above), so they just add the passive ending -어/-아지다 again to make sure that it is a passive form. (Try to imagine a word like "forgottened" which has an extra "-ed" suffix. That's what's called the double passive in Korean. Now think about the word "enlightened". The "-ened" suffix in "enlightened" is working like causative(-en) + passive(-ed), whereas the "-ened" suffix in "forgottened" is just a double passive. Now imagine there are tons of these things in English. It would be very confusing and at some point, you won't be sure if "forgottened" is correct or wrong, because there are many similar looking but correct words like "enlightened". It's exactly what is happening in Korean.) I think they (those who created Korean materials for foreigners) are just avoiding some nettlesome parts. Who would want to freak out their customers? In practice, each form of every verb should be memorized. <br>

Morphone at 11:40, 21 June 2022

2022-06-21T11:40:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:40, 21 June 2022
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	Some causative forms suffixed with -우 inflected with the vowel ㅣ.		Some causative forms suffixed with -우 are inflected with the vowel ㅣ.
	*자다 : to sleep		*자다 : to sleep
	*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)		*재우다 (자게 하다) : to make/let someone sleep : (자 + ㅣ + 우 + 다)

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:04, 10 June 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Causative form]]		*[[Causative form]]
			* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-21-passive-voice-part-1/ TTMIK - Lesson 21 (Passive voice - part 1)]
			* [https://talktomeinkorean.com/curriculum/level-6-korean-grammar/lessons/lesson-23-passive-voice-part-2/ TTMIK - Lesson 23 (Passive voice - part 2)]