TTMIK nivel 1 lección 9

En esta lección vas a aprender las partículas indicadoras de sujeto y de asunto. La mayoría de los idiomas no tienen dichas partículas en sus frases, así que este concepto puede parecer nuevo pero, una vez te acostumbras, aprender a utilizarlas será muy sencillo.

Partículas indicadoras de asunto. 은 [eun] / 는 [neun] Su función principal es indicar a las otras personas de qué se está hablando o de qué se va hablar. Estas partículas van colocadas tras el nombre.

Palabras que acaban en consonante + -은

Palabras que acaban en vocal + -는

Ejemplos: 가방 [ga-bang] + 은 [eun] 나 [na] + 는 [neun]

El asunto de la frase, señalado por 은 [eun] o 는 [neun] es normalmente (pero no siempre) el mismo que el sujeto de la oración.

저 [jeo] = Yo

저 + 는 [neun] = 저는 [jeo-neun] = En mi caso / Hablando de mi.

저는 학생이에요. [jeo-neun hak-saeng-i-e-yo] = En mi caso, soy estudiante./ Yo soy estudiante.

En esta oración, la palabra 저 (Yo) es tanto el asunto de la frase (hablo de "Yo" en la misma) como el sujeto de la oración ("Yo" es el sujeto, y "soy" es el verbo).

Pero la excepcionalidad del idioma coreano puede encontrarse en la siguiente frase de ejemplo.

내일은 저는 일해요. [nae-il-eun jeo-neun il-hae-yo]

= "En el caso de mañana, yo trabajo."

En esta frase, 내일 [nae-il], mañana, va seguido de 은 [eun],por tanto es el asunto de la oración, pero no el sujeto del verbo 일하다 [il-ha-da], "trabajar", pues no es "mañana" quien trabaja, sino "yo" quien lo hace.

Partículas indicadoras de sujeto. 이 [i] / 가 [ga] La función de dichas partículas es relativamente sencilla en comparación con la de las partículas marcadoras de asunto.

Palabras que acaban en consonante + -이

Palabras que acaban en vocal + -가

Ejemplos: 가방 [ga-bang] + 이 [i] 학교 [hak-gyo] + 가 [ga]

Por tanto, básicamente, las partículas indicadoras de asunto (은/는) marcan cuál es el tema o asunto de la oración, y las partículas marcadoras de sujeto (이/가) muestran cuál es el sujeto de la oración, pero eso no es todo.

¿Qué más sobre las partículas 은/는/이/가? (1) Además de señalar el asunto, 은 [eun] / 는 [neun]

has the nuance of “about” something, “as for” something, or even “unlike other things” or “different from other things.”

(2) In addition to marking subjects, 이 [i] / 가 [ga] has the nuance of “none other than” “nothing but” and also, when used inside a complex sentence, the role of marking the subject without emphasizing it too much. Let’s look at some examples of (1). 이거 [i-geo] = this / 사과 [sa-gwa] = apple / 예요 [ye-yo] = to be / is 이거 사과예요. [i-geo sa-gwa-ye-yo] = This is an apple. You can add 은/는 to this, and in this case the subject, 이거, ends in a vowel, so add -는. 이거는 사과예요. [i-geo-NEUN sa-gwa-ye-yo] = (The other things are not apples, but) THIS is an apple. So you can imagine someone talking like this: 이거 커피예요. [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo] (= This is coffee) 이거는 물이에요. [i-geo-NEUN mul-i-e-yo] (= That was coffee, but THIS ONE, it’s water.) 이거는 오렌지주스예요. [i-geo-NEUN o-ren-ji-ju-seu-ye-yo] (= And THIS ONE, it’s different again, it’s orange juice.) 이거는 뭐예요? [i-geo-NEUN mwo-ye-yo?] (= And what about this one? What is it?) TalkToMeInKorean.com - Free Korean Lesson Notes LEVEL 1 LESSON 9 This PDF is to be used along with the MP3 audio lesson available at TalkToMeInKorean.com. Please feel free to share TalkToMeInKorean’s free Korean lessons and PDF files with anybody who is studying Korean. If you have any questions or feedback, visit TalkToMeInKorean.com. As you can see from this example, 은/는 has the role of emphasizing the topic of the sentence by giving it the nuance of “that one is ... and/but THIS ONE is...” So sometime it is unnatural to used 은/는 in every sentence you say. So in Korean, although 은 and 는 are generally topic marking particles, people often save 은/는 for really emphasizing the topic in contrast to the other parts of the sentence. For example, if you want to say “The weather’s nice today.” in Korean, you can say it in many ways. (Don’t worry about the entire sentence here. Just focus on the use of 은/는.) 1) 오늘 날씨 좋네요. [o-neul nal-ssi jot-ne-yo] The weather’s good today. 2) 오늘은 날씨 좋네요. [o-neul-EUN nal-ssi jot-ne-yo] (The weather hasn’t been so good lately, but TODAY, it’s good.) 3) 오늘 날씨는 좋네요. [o-neul nal-ssi-NEUN jot-ne-yo] (Today, not necessarily everything else too, but at least the weather is good.) So THAT’s how powerful and useful the topic marking particles (은/는) can be in changing the nuance of your Korean sentences! Let’s look at some examples of (2). 좋아요 [jo-a-yo] = it’s good / 뭐 [mwo] = what / 이/가 [i/ga] = subject marking particles Imagine that one says “좋아요. [jo-a-yo]” and that means “It’s good.” or “I like it.” But if you are not quite sure WHAT is good, you can ask “WHAT is good?” or “What are you talking about?” TalkToMeInKorean.com - Free Korean Lesson Notes LEVEL 1 LESSON 9 This PDF is to be used along with the MP3 audio lesson available at TalkToMeInKorean.com. Please feel free to share TalkToMeInKorean’s free Korean lessons and PDF files with anybody who is studying Korean. If you have any questions or feedback, visit TalkToMeInKorean.com. In order to express your curiosity as to “WHAT” is good, you can ask: 뭐가 좋아요? [mwo-GA jo-a-yo?] Here the word 가 [ga] emphasize what the subject of the verb “to be / 좋아요” is. If one says, ABC 좋아요. [ABC jo-a-yo] = ABC is good. And if you disagree and you think XYZ is good, not ABC. You can express your opinion that the subject of “being good” should be XYZ, not ABC, by saying: ABC 좋아요? XYZ가 좋아요! [ABC jo-a-yo? XYZ-GA jo-a-yo] So, with 이 and 가, you can add more flavor and more concrete meanings to your Korean sentences when you want to emphasize WHO did something, WHICH ONE is good, and etc. Is that everything? Almost. As you can see from above, 은/는 and 이/가 both have different roles, but the roles of 은/는 as a ‘contrast’ factor is much stronger, because you can change the topic of a sentence with 은/는. So, when you form complex sentences (i.e. I think the book that you bought is more interesting than the book I bought.), in general, 은/는 is not so commonly used all over the sentences. Often times 은/는/이/가 can be dropped, but when you need particles to clarify the meaning, 이/가 will be more commonly used.